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Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | pale yellow to orange yellow liquid (est) |
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Soluble in: |
| | water, 5510 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
| |
| Odor Type: alliaceous |
| |
| | sulfurous alliaceous savory onion green onion vegetable |
Odor Description: at 0.10 % in propylene glycol. | sulfury alliaceous savory green onion vegetable |
| |
| | sulfurous alliaceous savory onion green onion resinous vegetable |
Odor Description:
| Sulfureous, alliaceous, savory, green onion and resinous with a vegetative note Mosciano, Gerard P&F 21, No. 4, 51, (1996) |
| |
| |
| Flavor Type: alliaceous |
| |
| | alliaceous sulfurous savory metallic woody green pungent |
Taste Description: at 2.50 ppm. | Alliaceous, sulfureous, savory, metallic, woody, green and pungent Mosciano, Gerard P&F 21, No. 4, 51, (1996) |
| |
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
| |
| |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
| Recommendation for ferula assa-foetida gum oil usage levels up to: | | | 0.0100 % in the fragrance concentrate.
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| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
| publication number: 3 |
| Click here to view publication 3 |
| | average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
| baked goods: | - | 1.00000 |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | - |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
| breakfast cereal: | - | - |
| cheese: | - | - |
| chewing gum: | - | - |
| condiments / relishes: | - | 10.00000 |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - |
| egg products: | - | - |
| fats / oils: | - | - |
| fish products: | - | - |
| frozen dairy: | - | - |
| fruit ices: | - | - |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | - |
| granulated sugar: | - | - |
| gravies: | - | - |
| hard candy: | 1.00000 | 15.00000 |
| imitation dairy: | - | - |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
| jams / jellies: | - | - |
| meat products: | - | - |
| milk products: | - | - |
| nut products: | - | - |
| other grains: | - | - |
| poultry: | - | - |
| processed fruits: | - | - |
| processed vegetables: | - | - |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
| snack foods: | - | - |
| soft candy: | - | - |
| soups: | - | - |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - |
| sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
| |
| For Odor |
| No odor group found for these |
| 3- | benzoyl pyridine | |
| | ferula assa-foetida | |
| | ferula assa-foetida tincture | |
| | vinyl (4-methyl-thiazolyl-2) carbinol | |
| | dimethyl trisulfide | FL/FR |
| | dipropyl disulfide | FL/FR |
| | methyl furfuryl disulfide | FL/FR |
| | propyl mercaptan | FL/FR |
| chocolate |
| 2,4,5- | trimethyl thiazole | FL/FR |
| citrus |
| | grapefruit mercaptan | FL/FR |
| | ocimene quintoxide | FL/FR |
| coffee |
| | coffee difuran | FL/FR |
| creamy |
| 2,3- | butane diol | FR |
| earthy |
| 1- | octen-3-ol | FL/FR |
| ethereal |
| | ethyl pyruvate | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl-1-butanol | FL/FR |
| 5- | methyl-5-hexen-2-one | FL/FR |
| | octanoic acid | FL/FR |
| floral |
| alpha- | damascone | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| (E)-alpha- | damascone | FL/FR |
| (E)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| | decen-1-yl cyclopentanone | FL/FR |
| | hexanal propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| 2- | pentyl furan | FL/FR |
| | tropical thiazole | FL/FR |
| garlic |
| | ferula assa-foetida gum | FL/FR |
| green |
| | cortex pyridine | FL/FR |
| iso | cyclocitral (IFF) | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (E)-2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | geranium thiazole | FL/FR |
| (Z)-4- | heptenal | FL/FR |
| | hexanal (aldehyde C-6) | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl (E)-crotonate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl formate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl lactate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl pyruvate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl tiglate | FL/FR |
| 4- | hexenol | FL/FR |
| | hexyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| | melon nonenoate | FL/FR |
| para- | methyl hydratropaldehyde | FL/FR |
| 2,6- | nonadien-1-ol | FL/FR |
| 2- | octen-1-ol | FL/FR |
| 1- | penten-3-ol | FL/FR |
| herbal |
| iso | dihydrolavandulal | FL/FR |
| 6- | hydroxydihydrotheaspirane (mixture of isomers) | FL/FR |
| | sabinene hydrate | FL/FR |
| | meaty dithiane | FL/FR |
| melon |
| (Z)-6- | nonen-1-ol | FL/FR |
| minty |
| iso | propyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | hazelnut pyrazine | FL/FR |
| nutty |
| 2- | acetyl-3-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 4,5- | dimethyl-2-ethyl-3-thiazoline | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl thio-3,5 or 6-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl-3-(methyl thio) pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,4,5- | trimethyl oxazole | FL/FR |
| | vinyl sulfurol | FL/FR |
| sulfurous |
| | allium fistulosum oil | |
| | allium ursinum extract | CS |
| | benzothiazole | FL/FR |
| | buchu mercaptan | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl disulfide | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl sulfide | FL/FR |
| | ferula assa-foetida absolute | FL/FR |
| | ferula assa-foetida gum extract | FL/FR |
| | grapefruit menthane | FL/FR |
| | lychee mercaptan acetate | FL/FR |
| | mango thiol | FL/FR |
| | methyl 3-(methyl thio) propionate | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl 5-(methyl thio) furan | FL/FR |
| | methyl mercaptan | FL/FR |
| 3-( | methyl thio) hexanol | FL/FR |
| 4- | methyl-1,3-dithiolane | |
| | onion oil | FL/FR |
| vanilla |
| | ethyl vanillin | FL/FR |
| | vanillin | FL/FR |
| vegetable |
| 1- | furfuryl pyrrole | FL/FR |
| | mesityl oxide | FL/FR |
| | methional | FL/FR |
| | tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| | methyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| |
| For Flavor |
| |
| No flavor group found for these |
| | allium fistulosum oil | |
| | allyl methyl disulfide | FL |
| | allyl methyl trisulfide | FL |
| | allyl propyl disulfide | FL |
| | allyl propyl sulfide | FL |
| | allyl propyl trisulfide | FL |
| iso | amyl mercaptan | FL |
| iso | butyl mercaptan | FL |
| 2-(2- | butyl)-4,5-dimethyl-3-thiazoline | FL |
| | diethyl trisulfide | FL |
| | diisopropyl sulfide | FL |
| (Z+E)-2,5- | dimethyl-3-tetrahydrofuran thiol | FL |
| (Z+E)-2,5- | dimethyl-3-thioacetoxytetrahydrofuran | FL |
| | dipropyl sulfide | FL |
| | ethyl methyl trisulfide | FL |
| | ethyl propyl disulfide | FL |
| | ethyl propyl trisulfide | FL |
| 2- | ethyl-4,5-dimethyl oxazole | FL |
| | furfuryl propyl disulfide | FL |
| | heptyl mercaptan | FL |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl (E)-crotonate | FL/FR |
| 2- | hexenal | FL |
| (E)-4- | hexenal | FL |
| 4- | mercapto-3-methyl-2-butanol | FL |
| 2- | methyl thiazole | FL |
| 4-( | methyl thio) butanol | FL |
| 2-( | methyl thio) methyl-2-butenal | FL |
| S- | methyl thiopropionate | FL |
| 2- | methyl-3-(methyl thio) pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl-5-methoxythiazole | FL |
| | propenyl propyl disulfide | FL |
| iso | propyl disulfide | FL |
| 2-iso | propyl-3-(methyl thio) pyrazine | FL |
| | thiophene | FL |
| 2,3,5- | trithiahexane | FL |
| alliaceous |
| | allyl disulfide | FL |
| | allyl mercaptan | FL |
| | allyl thiopropionate | FL |
| | benzyl mercaptan | FL |
| 1,3- | butane dithiol | FL |
| | cyclopentyl mercaptan | FL |
| | dicyclohexyl disulfide | FL |
| | diethyl disulfide | FL |
| | dimethyl trisulfide | FL/FR |
| | dipropyl disulfide | FL/FR |
| | dipropyl trisulfide | FL |
| | leek oil | FL |
| 3- | mercapto-2-methyl pentanol | FL |
| 3- | mercapto-2-pentanone | FL |
| | methyl 3-mercaptobutanoate | FL |
| 2- | methyl thioacetaldehyde | FL |
| | propyl mercaptan | FL/FR |
| | shallot oil | FL |
| 3- | tetrahydrothiophenone | FL |
| | tropical thiazole | FL/FR |
| | truffle sulfide | FL |
| burnt |
| 2,4,5- | trimethyl oxazole | FL/FR |
| cabbage |
| | methyl 2-thiofuroate | FL |
| camphoreous |
| 6- | hydroxydihydrotheaspirane (mixture of isomers) | FL/FR |
| citrus |
| | grapefruit mercaptan | FL/FR |
| coffee |
| | coffee difuran | FL/FR |
| | methyl furfuryl disulfide | FL/FR |
| cooling |
| | sabinene hydrate | FL/FR |
| corn chip |
| 2- | acetyl-2-thiazoline | FL |
| eggy |
| iso | propyl mercaptan | FL |
| ethereal |
| 2- | methyl-1-butanol | FL/FR |
| 5- | methyl-5-hexen-2-one | FL/FR |
| fatty |
| (E,E)-2,4- | heptadienal | FL |
| 2- | octen-1-ol | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | octenoic acid | FL |
| fruity |
| alpha- | damascone | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | damascone | FL/FR |
| (E)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| | decen-1-yl cyclopentanone | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (E)-2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | hexanal propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| | hexyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| garlic |
| | allyl methyl sulfide | FL |
| | ferula assa-foetida gum | FL/FR |
| | garlic oleoresin | FL |
| green |
| 3- | benzoyl pyridine | |
| | cortex pyridine | FL/FR |
| iso | cyclocitral (IFF) | FL/FR |
| | dihydroxyacetophenone (mixed isomers) | FL |
| | geranium thiazole | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | heptenal | FL |
| (Z)-4- | heptenal | FL/FR |
| | hexanal (aldehyde C-6) | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl formate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl lactate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl pyruvate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | melon nonenoate | FL/FR |
| para- | methyl hydratropaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | methyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| 3-(5- | methyl-2-furyl) butanal | FL |
| 2,6- | nonadien-1-ol | FL/FR |
| | ocimene quintoxide | FL/FR |
| 2,4- | octadienal | FL |
| 4- | penten-1-yl acetate | FL |
| 1- | penten-3-ol | FL/FR |
| 2- | pentyl furan | FL/FR |
| 2- | propyl pyrazine | FL |
| iso | propyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | propylene glycol acetone ketal | FL |
| herbal |
| iso | dihydrolavandulal | FL/FR |
| juicy |
| | lychee mercaptan acetate | FL/FR |
| malty |
| | yeast thiazoline | FL |
| meaty |
| | benzothiazole | FL/FR |
| | meaty dithiane | FL/FR |
| 3- | mercapto-2-butanone | FL |
| (R,S)-2- | mercapto-3-butanol | FL |
| 3- | mercapto-3-methyl butanol | FL |
| 2- | methyl 3-(methyl thio) furan | FL |
| bis(2- | methyl-3-furyl) disulfide | FL |
| | pyrazinyl ethane thiol | FL |
| ortho- | thiocresol | FL |
| metallic |
| 4- | hexenol | FL/FR |
| 3-( | methyl thio) hexanol | FL/FR |
| mushroom |
| 1- | octen-3-ol | FL/FR |
| musty |
| 2- | ethoxythiazole | FL |
| | hazelnut pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl 5-(methyl thio) furan | FL/FR |
| nutty |
| 2- | acetyl-3-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 3,5- | diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine | FL |
| 4,5- | dimethyl-2-ethyl-3-thiazoline | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl thio-3,5 or 6-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| | tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol | FL/FR |
| 2,4,5- | trimethyl thiazole | FL/FR |
| | vinyl sulfurol | FL/FR |
| onion |
| | methionol | FL |
| | methyl propyl disulfide | FL |
| | methyl propyl trisulfide | FL |
| 2- | methyl-1,3-dithiolane | FL |
| 4- | methyl-1,3-dithiolane | |
| | propyl thioacetate | FL |
| potato |
| | mesityl oxide | FL/FR |
| roasted |
| | ethyl 3-(furfuryl thio) propionate | FL |
| rummy |
| | ethyl pyruvate | FL/FR |
| seafood |
| 1,4- | dithiane | FL |
| soapy |
| | octanoic acid | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| | jalapeno oleoresin | FL |
| sulfurous |
| | allyl sulfide | FL |
| | buchu mercaptan | FL/FR |
| | butyl mercaptan | FL |
| | diallyl polysulfides | FL |
| | diallyl tetrasulfide | FL |
| | diallyl trisulfide | FL |
| | dimethyl disulfide | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl sulfide | FL/FR |
| S- | ethyl thioacetate | FL |
| | ferula assa-foetida | |
| | ferula assa-foetida absolute | FL/FR |
| | ferula assa-foetida fluid extract | FL |
| | ferula assa-foetida gum extract | FL/FR |
| | ferula assa-foetida oleoresin | FL |
| | ferula assa-foetida tincture | |
| | furfuryl methyl sulfide | FL |
| | furfuryl thiopropionate | FL |
| | grapefruit menthane | FL/FR |
| | mango thiol | FL/FR |
| 3- | mercapto-2-methyl pentanal | FL |
| | methyl 2-(methyl thio) butyrate | FL |
| | methyl 2-methyl-3-furyl disulfide | FL |
| | methyl benzyl disulfide | FL |
| | methyl mercaptan | FL/FR |
| | methyl thiomethyl butyrate | FL |
| 2- | methyl thiophene | FL |
| 3- | methyl-2-butane thiol | FL |
| | onion oil | FL/FR |
| | onion oleoresin | FL |
| | potato butanone | FL |
| tomato |
| | methional | FL/FR |
| tropical |
| 3- | mercaptohexyl butyrate | FL |
| vanilla |
| | ethyl vanillin | FL/FR |
| | vanillin | FL/FR |
| vegetable |
| 1- | furfuryl pyrrole | FL/FR |
| | methyl 3-(methyl thio) propionate | FL/FR |
| | radish isothiocyanate | FL |
| waxy |
| (Z)-6- | nonen-1-ol | FL/FR |
| woody |
| | vinyl (4-methyl-thiazolyl-2) carbinol | |
| |
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | asa foetida oil | | | asafetida oil | | | asafoetida oil | | | asafoetida oil english distilled SAS | | | assafetida oil | | | essential oil obtained from the gum of the asafetida, ferula assa-foetida l., apiaceae | | | ferula asafoetida oil | | | ferula foetida gum oil | | | scorodosma foetidum gum oil |
Articles:
| PubMed: | Impact of Herbal Medicines like Nigella sativa, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Ferula asafoetida, on Cytochrome P450 2C11 Gene Expression in Rat Liver. |
| PubMed: | Antimicrobial activity of selected Iranian medicinal plants against a broad spectrum of pathogenic and drug multiresistant micro-organisms. |
| PubMed: | The Relaxant Effect of Seed's Essential Oil and Oleo-Gum-Resin of Ferula Assa-Foetida on Isolated Rat's Ileum. |
| PubMed: | Cytotoxic properties of some medicinal plant extracts from mazandaran, iran. |
| PubMed: | Oleo gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida L. ameliorates peripheral neuropathy in mice. |
| PubMed: | Relaxant effects of asafoetida extract and its constituent umbelliprenin on guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. |
| PubMed: | Double edged effect of gum-resin of ferula assa-foetida on lifespan of neurons. |
| PubMed: | Double edged effect of gum-resin of ferula assa-foetida on lifespan of neurons. |
| PubMed: | Tertiary combination of freeze-dried urine of Indian breeds of cow with plant products against snail Lymnaea acuminata. |
| PubMed: | Use of complementary and alternative medicine for children: a parents' perspective. |
| PubMed: | Some like it pungent and vile. TRPA1 as a molecular target for the malodorous vinyl disulfides from asafoetida. |
| PubMed: | Effects of Cymbopogon citratus and Ferula assa-foetida extracts on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. |
| PubMed: | Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil obtained from Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin: effect of collection time. |
| PubMed: | New claims in folk veterinary medicines from Uttar Pradesh, India. |
| PubMed: | Ferula asafoetida: Traditional uses and pharmacological activity. |
| PubMed: | Inhibitory effect of Ferula asafoetida L. (Umbelliferae) on Blastocystis sp. subtype 3 growth in vitro. |
| PubMed: | Evaluation of the effect of Ferula asafoetida Linn. gum extract on learning and memory in Wistar rats. |
| PubMed: | Dietary agents in the prevention of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicty: preclinical observations. |
| PubMed: | Bait formulations of molluscicides and their effects on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata (Mollusca; Gastropoda:Lymnaeidae). |
| PubMed: | Combination of molluscicides with attractant carbohydrates and amino acids in bait formulation against the snail Lymnaea acuminata. |
| PubMed: | Biological activity of some plant essential oils against Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), an ectoparasitic mite of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). |
| PubMed: | Asimafoetidnol: a new sesquiterpenoid coumarin from the gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida. |
| PubMed: | Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin)-a review. |
| PubMed: | Galbanic acid, a cytotoxic sesquiterpene from the gum resin of Ferula asafoetida, blocks protein farnesyltransferase. |
| PubMed: | Influenza A (H(1)N(1)) Antiviral and Cytotoxic Agents from Ferula assa-foetida. |
| PubMed: | Kinetics of enzyme inhibition by active molluscicidal agents ferulic acid, umbelliferone, eugenol and limonene in the nervous tissue of snail Lymnaea acuminata. |
| PubMed: | Development and evaluation of hepatoprotective polyherbal formulation containing some indigenous medicinal plants. |
| PubMed: | Galbanic acid from Ferula szowitsiana enhanced the antibacterial activity of penicillin G and cephalexin against Staphylococcus aureus. |
| PubMed: | A new ester isolated from Ferula assa-foetida L. |
| PubMed: | Molluscicidal activity of Ferula asafoetida, Syzygium aromaticum and Carum carvi and their active components against the snail Lymnaea acuminata. |
| PubMed: | Larvicidal activity of plant extracts used alone and in combination with known synthetic larvicidal agents against Aedes aegypti. |
| PubMed: | Antispasmodic and hypotensive effects of Ferula asafoetida gum extract. |
| PubMed: | Chemomodulatory influence of Ferula asafoetida on mammary epithelial differentiation, hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant profiles and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. |
| PubMed: | Sesquiterpene coumarins from the roots of Ferula assa-foetida. |
| PubMed: | Reversal of aflatoxin induced liver damage by turmeric and curcumin. |
|