|
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | colorless to pale greenish yellow clear liquid (est) |
| Assay: | 97.00 to 100.00 %
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Specific Gravity: | 1.18000 to 1.18500 @ 25.00 °C.
|
| Pounds per Gallon - (est).: | 9.819 to 9.860
|
| Refractive Index: | 1.53400 to 1.53700 @ 20.00 °C.
|
| Boiling Point: | 138.00 to 139.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
|
| Acid Value: | 1.00 max. KOH/g
|
| Vapor Pressure: | 6.556000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Vapor Density: | 3.4 ( Air = 1 ) |
| Flash Point: | 103.00 °F. TCC ( 39.44 °C. )
|
| logP (o/w): | -0.563 (est) |
| Shelf Life: | 12.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
| Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol | | | dipropylene glycol | | | water, slightly | | | water, 1.716e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
| Insoluble in: |
| | water |
| Stability: |
| | stable in most media |
Organoleptic Properties:
| |
| Odor Type: bready |
| |
| | sweet solvent bready buttery nutty |
Odor Description: at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. | sweet solvent bread buttery nutty Luebke, William tgsc, (1992) |
| |
| | sweet solvent brown rummy nutty |
Odor Description:
| Sweet and solvent-like with a brown, rummy and nut-like nuance Mosciano, Gerard P&F 20, No. 5, 49, (1995) |
| |
| |
| Flavor Type: nutty |
| |
| | nutty astringent creamy almond |
Taste Description: at 75.00 ppm. | Nutty and astringent with a slight, creamy almond nuance Mosciano, Gerard P&F 20, No. 5, 49, (1995) |
| |
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
| |
| R C Treatt & Co Ltd |
| 2-Methyl tetrahydrofuran-3-one Halal, Kosher |
| Odor Description: | sweet and solvent-like with a brown, rummy and nut-like nuance |
| Taste Description: | nutty and astringent with a slight, creamy almond nuance Use: up to 10ppm, in chocolate, bread, and meat flavors. |
| |
| |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
| Advanced Biotech |
| 2-METHYL TETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
97.5% min. Odor: Bread |
| Advanced Biotech |
| COFFEE FURANONE NATURAL
97.5% min. Odor: Coffee |
| Ambles Nature et Chimie |
| 2-METHYL-3-MERCAPTO FURAN
|
| Anhui Haibei |
| 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran-3-one
Odor: Sweet solvent bread buttery nut |
| Anhui Suzhou Jinli Aromatic Chemicals |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
Odor: sweet caramel, rum, fresh bread |
| Artiste |
| Coffee Furanone Natural
Available as solutions (1%, 5%, 15%, etc.) in various solvents. |
| Augustus Oils |
| 2-Methyl-Tetrahydrofuran-3-One
|
| Services |
| Beijing Lys Chemicals |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| BOC Sciences |
| For experimental / research use only. |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one 98%
|
| Charkit Chemical |
| METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE, 2 FEMA 3373
|
| CJ Latta & Associates |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
|
| De Monchy Aromatics |
| coffee furanone
|
| DeLong Chemicals America |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one, Kosher
|
| Endeavour Specialty Chemicals |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one 98% F&F
|
| Speciality Chemical Product Groups |
| Ernesto Ventós |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE NATURAL
|
| Ernesto Ventós |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
|
| FCI SAS |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
Odor: Sweet, caramel and bread |
| Frutarom |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
KOSHER Flavor: Bready, Buttery, Caramellic, Nutty, Sweet |
| CBD Offering |
| H. Interdonati, Inc. |
| 2-Methyletrahydrofuran-3-one Kosher
|
| Featured Products |
| H. Interdonati, Inc. |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one Natural, Kosher
|
| IFF |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
KOSHER Flavor: Bready, Buttery, Caramellic, Nutty, Sweet |
| Indukern F&F |
| 2-METHYL TETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
Odor: SWEET, BREADY, NUTTY |
| Jiangyin Healthway |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| New functional food ingredients |
| Jiangyin Healthway |
| Coffee Furanone Natural98%
|
| Jinan Enlighten Chemical Technology(Wutong Aroma ) |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one, Kosherk
|
| Kingchem Laboratories |
| 2 METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
Odor: Sweet caramel, bread |
| Lluch Essence |
| COFFEE FURANONE 98%
Odor: CARAMELY, FRUITY, SWEET |
| M&U International |
| 2-METHYL-TETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE, Kosher
|
| O'Laughlin Industries |
| 2-METHYL TETRA HYDROFURAN-3-one
|
| OQEMA |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| OQEMA |
| Coffee Furanone natural
|
| Pearlchem Corporation |
| 2-Methyl Tetrahydro Furan-3-one
|
| Penta International |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE NATURAL
|
| Penta International |
| 2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
|
| Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils |
| Coffee Furanone (all solutions)
|
| R C Treatt & Co Ltd |
| 2-Methyl tetrahydrofuran-3-one
Halal, Kosher Odor: sweet and solvent-like with a brown, rummy and nut-like nuance Flavor: nutty and astringent with a slight, creamy almond nuance Use: up to 10ppm, in chocolate, bread, and meat flavors. |
| Riverside Aromatics |
| COFFEE FURANONE [2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE], NATURAL
|
| Riverside Aromatics |
| COFFEE FURANONE [2-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE]
|
| Robinson Brothers |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one F&F
|
| https://www.robinsonbrothers.uk/chemistry-competences |
| Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
| For experimental / research use only. |
| 2-Methyltetrahydro-3-furanone ≥97%
|
| Sigma-Aldrich |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one, ≥97%, FG
Odor: butter |
| Certified Food Grade Products |
| Sigma-Aldrich |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one, natural, 97%, FG
|
| SRS Aromatics |
| 2-METHYL TETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE EU NATURAL
|
| SRS Aromatics |
| 2-METHYL TETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE
|
| Sunaux International |
| 2-Methyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| Synerzine |
| 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| Synerzine |
| Natural 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| Taytonn ASCC |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
Odor: Bread, Buttery, Caramellic/ Caramel, Nutty, Sweet |
| TCI AMERICA |
| For experimental / research use only. |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one >98.0%(GC)
|
| Tengzhou Jitian Aroma Chemiclal |
| 2-Methyl tetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| Tengzhou Xiang Yuan Aroma Chemicals |
| 2-Methyltetrohydrofuran-3-one
|
| Tianjin Danjun International |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| United International |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one Nat.
|
| United International |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
| Vigon International |
| Coffee Furanone (Methyl-2 Tetrahydrofuran-3-one)
Odor: Bread,Brown,Aromatic,Nutty |
| Vigon International |
| METHYL-2 TETRAHYDROFURAN-3-ONE NATURAL
|
| WholeChem |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
|
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
| European information : |
| Most important hazard(s): | | Xn - Harmful. |
R 10 - Flammable. R 22 - Harmful if swallowed. R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 16 - Keep away from sources of ignition - No Smoking. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
|
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-mouse LD50 [sex: M,F] 1860 mg/kg (Moran & Easterday, 1980)
oral-mouse LD50 1860 mg/kg Drug and Chemical Toxicology. Vol. 3, Pg. 249, 1980.
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
| Recommendation for coffee furanone usage levels up to: | | | 0.3000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
|
| |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 20.50 (μg/capita/day) |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 9.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Structure Class: | II |
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
| publication number: 6. Update in publication number(s): 7 |
| Click here to view publication 6 |
| | average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
| baked goods: | - | 10.00000 |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 10.00000 |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
| breakfast cereal: | - | 10.00000 |
| cheese: | - | - |
| chewing gum: | - | - |
| condiments / relishes: | - | 10.00000 |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - |
| egg products: | - | - |
| fats / oils: | - | - |
| fish products: | - | - |
| frozen dairy: | - | 10.00000 |
| fruit ices: | - | 10.00000 |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | 10.00000 |
| granulated sugar: | - | - |
| gravies: | - | 10.00000 |
| hard candy: | - | 10.00000 |
| imitation dairy: | - | - |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
| jams / jellies: | - | - |
| meat products: | - | 10.00000 |
| milk products: | - | 10.00000 |
| nut products: | - | - |
| other grains: | - | - |
| poultry: | - | - |
| processed fruits: | - | - |
| processed vegetables: | - | - |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
| snack foods: | - | - |
| soft candy: | - | - |
| soups: | - | 10.00000 |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - |
| sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
| |
| For Odor |
| alliaceous |
| | methyl furfuryl disulfide | FL/FR |
| balsamic |
| 2- | acetyl furan | FL/FR |
| | amyris wood oil | FL/FR |
| | benzyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | ethyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | methyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | myrrh oil | FL/FR |
| 3- | phenyl propyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| berry |
| | raspberry ketone | FL/FR |
| | raspberry ketone acetate | FL/FR |
| | raspberry ketone methyl ether | FL/FR |
| bready |
| | furfural | FL/FR |
| buttery |
| | acetoin dimer | FL/FR |
| | acetyl isobutyryl | FL/FR |
| | coffee dione | FL/FR |
| | cyclotene | FL/FR |
| | ethyl maltol | FL/FR |
| | immortelle absolute | FL/FR |
| | maltol | FL/FR |
| | shoyu furanone | FL/FR |
| | strawberry furanone | FL/FR |
| | toffee furanone | FL/FR |
| chocolate |
| iso | amyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| 2,6- | dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,4,5- | trimethyl thiazole | FL/FR |
| cocoa |
| 2- | methyl butyraldehyde | FL/FR |
| coconut |
| gamma- | nonalactone (aldehyde C-18 (so-called)) | FL/FR |
| gamma- | octalactone | FL/FR |
| coffee |
| | coffee difuran | FL/FR |
| | furfuryl mercaptan | FL/FR |
| 1- | hydroxy-2-butanone | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl-3-,5 or 6-(furfuryl thio) pyrazine | FL/FR |
| creamy |
| 2,3- | butane diol | FR |
| fatty |
| | butter esters | FL/FR |
| floral |
| | acetophenone | FL/FR |
| | benzyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | bois de rose oil brazil | FL/FR |
| | coriander seed oil | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | heliotropin | FL/FR |
| | heliotropyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | hyacinth ether | FR |
| | linalool oxide | FL/FR |
| para- | methyl acetophenone | FL/FR |
| | ocean propanal | FL/FR |
| bitter | orangeflower concrete morocco | FR |
| | phenethyl acetate | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| gamma- | decalactone | FL/FR |
| herbal |
| | wormwood oil america | FL/FR |
| medicinal |
| 2,6- | xylenol | FL/FR |
| minty |
| dextro- | carvone | FL/FR |
| musty |
| 2- | acetyl pyrrole | FL/FR |
| | menthofuran | FL/FR |
| nutty |
| 3,5- | cocoa pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,3- | dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 4,5- | dimethyl-2-ethyl-3-thiazoline | FL/FR |
| | filbert heptenone | FL/FR |
| | filbert pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,6- | lutidine | FL/FR |
| 5- | methyl quinoxaline | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl thio-3,5 or 6-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,3,5,6- | tetramethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| popcorn |
| 2- | acetyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2- | acetyl pyridine | FL/FR |
| powdery |
| para- | anisyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| | allspice oil | FL/FR |
| | benzyl isoeugenol | FL/FR |
| | caraway seed oleoresin | FL/FR |
| | clove bud oil | FL/FR |
| | cuminaldehyde | FL/FR |
| alpha- | methyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | methyl isoeugenol | FL/FR |
| | nutmeg oil | FL/FR |
| sulfurous |
| | benzothiazole | FL/FR |
| | furfuryl thioacetate | FL/FR |
| S- | furfuryl thioformate | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl 5-(methyl thio) furan | FL/FR |
| tonka |
| | coumarin | FR |
| | tonka bean absolute | FR |
| vanilla |
| | ethyl vanillin | FL/FR |
| | vanilla bean absolute (vanilla planifolia) | FL/FR |
| | vanillyl acetate | FL/FR |
| vegetable |
| 1- | furfuryl pyrrole | FL/FR |
| woody |
| | amber carbinol | FR |
| | pinacol | FR |
| | santall | FR |
| | tobacarol (IFF) | FR |
| | woody acetate | FR |
| (Z)- | woody amylene | FR |
| |
| For Flavor |
| |
| No flavor group found for these |
| 2,5- | dimethyl-3-thiofuroyl furan | FL |
| 2- | methyl-3-,5 or 6-(furfuryl thio) pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 4,5- | octane dione | FL |
| alliaceous |
| | benzyl mercaptan | FL |
| | dicyclohexyl disulfide | FL |
| balsamic |
| | benzyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | myrrh oil | FL/FR |
| berry |
| | raspberry ketone | FL/FR |
| | raspberry ketone acetate | FL/FR |
| | raspberry ketone methyl ether | FL/FR |
| bready |
| 2- | propionyl thiazole | FL |
| brown |
| | furfural | FL/FR |
| 1- | hydroxy-2-butanone | FL/FR |
| burnt |
| | furfuryl alcohol | FL |
| 2- | methyl quinoxaline | FL |
| 2,6- | xylenol | FL/FR |
| buttery |
| | butyroin | FL |
| | diacetyl | FL |
| caramellic |
| | caramel furanone | FL |
| | cyclotene | FL/FR |
| | ethyl maltol | FL/FR |
| | maltol | FL/FR |
| | shoyu furanone | FL/FR |
| | strawberry furanone | FL/FR |
| | toffee furanone | FL/FR |
| cherry |
| | heliotropin | FL/FR |
| cocoa |
| | butyraldehyde | FL |
| coconut |
| gamma- | nonalactone (aldehyde C-18 (so-called)) | FL/FR |
| coffee |
| | coffee difuran | FL/FR |
| | coffee dione | FL/FR |
| | coffee pyrazine | FL |
| | difurfuryl ether | FL |
| | diisoamyl thiomalate | FL |
| 2,4- | dimethyl thiazole | FL |
| | furfuryl mercaptan | FL/FR |
| | methyl furfuryl disulfide | FL/FR |
| 2- | thiophene thiol | FL |
| corn chip |
| 2- | acetyl pyridine | FL/FR |
| 2- | acetyl-2-thiazoline | FL |
| creamy |
| | acetyl isobutyryl | FL/FR |
| | butter esters | FL/FR |
| para- | methyl acetophenone | FL/FR |
| dairy |
| | acetoin dimer | FL/FR |
| earthy |
| | difurfuryl sulfide | FL |
| floral |
| iso | amyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | bois de rose oil brazil | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | heliotropyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | ocean propanal | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| para- | anisyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | benzyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| gamma- | decalactone | FL/FR |
| | furfuryl propionate | FL |
| fusel |
| 2- | methyl butyraldehyde | FL/FR |
| green |
| | cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | immortelle absolute | FL/FR |
| | linalool oxide | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl-5-isopropyl pyrazine | FL |
| herbal |
| | coriander seed oil | FL/FR |
| | wormwood oil america | FL/FR |
| honey |
| | phenethyl acetate | FL/FR |
| lactonic |
| gamma- | octalactone | FL/FR |
| meaty |
| | benzothiazole | FL/FR |
| 2,6- | dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl 3-(methyl thio) furan | FL |
| metallic |
| 2,5- | dihydroxy-1,4-dithiane | FL |
| minty |
| dextro- | carvone | FL/FR |
| mustard |
| | furfuryl methyl ether | FL |
| musty |
| | menthofuran | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl 5-(methyl thio) furan | FL/FR |
| nutty |
| 2- | acetyl furan | FL/FR |
| 2- | acetyl pyrrole | FL/FR |
| 3,5- | cocoa pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 3,5(6)- | cocoa pyrazine | FL |
| 2,3- | dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 4,5- | dimethyl-2-ethyl-3-thiazoline | FL/FR |
| | filbert heptenone | FL/FR |
| | filbert pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,6- | lutidine | FL/FR |
| 5- | methyl quinoxaline | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl thio-3,5 or 6-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,3,5,6- | tetramethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| 2,4,5- | trimethyl thiazole | FL/FR |
| onion |
| | furfuryl isopropyl sulfide | FL |
| powdery |
| | acetophenone | FL/FR |
| roasted |
| 2- | acetyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| | ethyl 3-(furfuryl thio) propionate | FL |
| | furfuryl thioacetate | FL/FR |
| solvent |
| 2- | ethyl furan | FL |
| spicy |
| | allspice oil | FL/FR |
| | benzyl isoeugenol | FL/FR |
| | caraway seed oleoresin | FL/FR |
| | clove bud oil | FL/FR |
| | cuminaldehyde | FL/FR |
| alpha- | methyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | methyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | methyl isoeugenol | FL/FR |
| | nutmeg oil | FL/FR |
| 3- | phenyl propyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| sulfurous |
| | butyl mercaptan | FL |
| | ethyl methyl sulfide | FL |
| S- | ethyl thioacetate | FL |
| S- | furfuryl thioformate | FL/FR |
| | furfuryl thiopropionate | FL |
| 2- | thienyl mercaptan | FL |
| vanilla |
| | ethyl vanillin | FL/FR |
| | vanilla bean absolute (vanilla planifolia) | FL/FR |
| | vanillyl acetate | FL/FR |
| vegetable |
| 1- | furfuryl pyrrole | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| | furfuryl octanoate | FL |
| woody |
| | amyris wood oil | FL/FR |
| |
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | coffee furanone natural | | | dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone | | | dihydro-2-methyl-3,2H-furanone | | | dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone | | 4,5- | dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone | | 4,5- | dihydro-2-methylfuran-3(2H)-one | | 3(2H)- | furanone, dihydro-2-methyl- | | 2- | methyl tetrahydrofuran-3-one | | 2- | methyl-2,4,5-trihydrofuran-3-one | | 2- | methyl-3-ketotetrahydrofuran | | 2- | methyl-3-oxotetrahydrofuran | | 2- | methyl-4,5-dihydro-3(2H)-furanone | | 2- | methyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-one | | 2- | methyldihydrofuran-3(2H)-one | | 2- | methyloxolan-3-one | | 2- | methyltetrahydro-3-furanone | | 2- | methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one | | 2 | methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one | | 2- | methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one natural | | | sugar furanone | | | tetrahydrofuran-3(2H)-one, 2-methyl- |
Articles:
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