(Z)-citral
neral
 
Notes:
Blends well with acetals, aldehydes and alcohols to give fresh top notes.
  • BOC Sciences
    • BOC Sciences
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      Product(s):
      106-26-3 cis-Citral 95%
       
  • Penta International
    • Penta International Corporation
      Chemistry innovation
      At Penta, our products and services help businesses do business better.
      For over 30 years, Penta Manufacturing Company has played a growing role in worldwide chemistry innovations and applications. As an industry leader, Penta continues to pioneer chemistry-based solutions for practically every area of commerce. Our products and expertise have helped fuel technical advances in dozens of commercial applications including flavoring, coloring, fragrances and chemical processes.
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      Product(s):
      14-13000 NERAL NATURAL REFINED
      14-12975 NERAL
       
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search
Fragrance Demo Formulas
CAS Number: 106-26-3Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 203-379-2
FDA UNII: 8M466BQL1X
Nikkaji Web: J3.242E
MDL: MFCD03424818
CoE Number: 109
XlogP3-AA: 3.00 (est)
Molecular Weight: 152.23672000
Formula: C10 H16 O
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
EFSA/JECFA Comments: Neral is the cis-isomer of 3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienal. Neral and geranial can only be distinghished based on GC properties (different Kovats retention index) (EFFA, 2012b).
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar: Search
Google Books: Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Perfumer and Flavorist: Search
Google Patents: Search
US Patents: Search
EU Patents: Search
Pubchem Patents: Search
PubMed: Search
NCBI: Search
DG SANTE Food Flavourings: 05.170  neral
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Physical Properties:
Appearance: pale yellow to yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 88.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.88100 to 0.89100 @  25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 7.331 to  7.414
Refractive Index: 1.47800 to 1.49000 @  20.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 228.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.071000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C.
Flash Point: 215.00 °F. TCC ( 101.67 °C. )
logP (o/w): 3.170
Soluble in:
 alcohol
 water, 84.71 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in:
 water
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor Type: citrus
 
 sweet  citrus  lemon  lemon peel  
Odor Description:
at 100.00 %. 
sweet citral lemon peel
Luebke, William tgsc, (1989)
 
 
Flavor Type: citrus
 
 lemon  
Taste Description:
lemon
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
CosIng: cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: perfuming agents
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Suppliers:
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
cis-Citral 95%
Citrus and Allied Essences
Neral Refined 94/95% (natural)
Market Report
Citrus and Allied Essences
Neral Standard 88% (natural)
Penta International
NERAL NATURAL REFINED
Penta International
NERAL
Reincke & Fichtner
Neral natural
Reincke & Fichtner
Neral
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety in Use Information:
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
IFRA Critical Effect: Sensitization
IFRA: View Standard
View IFRA Standards Library for complete information.
Please review Amendment 49 IFRA documentation for complete information.
IFRA RESTRICTION LIMITS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT (%):
Category 1: Products applied to the lips
.011 %
Category 2: Products applied to the axillae
0.032 %
Category 3: Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
0.10 %
Category 4: Products related to fine fragrance
0.60 %
 Category 5: Products applied to the face and body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
Category 5A: Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.15 %
Category 5B: Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.15 %
Category 5C: Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.15 %
Category 5D: Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
0.051 %
Category 6: Products with oral and lip exposure
0.35 %
 Category 7: Products applied to the hair with some hand contact
Category 7A: Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
0.20 %
Category 7B: Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
0.20 %
Category 8: Products with significant anogenital exposure
0.051 %
Category 9: Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
1.20 %
 Category 10: Household care products with mostly hand contact
Category 10A: Household care excluding aerosol products (excluding aerosol/spray products)
1.20 %
Category 10B: Household aerosol/spray products
4.20 %
 Category 11: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate
Category 11A: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
0.051 %
Category 11B: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
0.051 %
Category 12: Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
No Restriction
 Notes:
IFRA FLAVOR REQUIREMENTS:

Due to the possible ingestion of small amounts of fragrance ingredients from their use in products in Categories 1 and 6, materials must not only comply with IFRA Standards but must also be recognized as safe as a flavoring ingredient as defined by the IOFI Code of Practice (www.iofi.org). For more details see chapter 1 of the Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards.

 
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 950.00 (μg/capita/day)
Modified Theoretical Added Maximum Daily Intake (mTAMDI): 69000 (μg/person/day)
Threshold of Concern:1800 (μg/person/day)
Structure Class: I
 
Food categories according to Commission Regulation EC No. 1565/2000 (EC, 2000) in FGE.06 (EFSA, 2002a). According to the Industry the "normal" use is defined as the average of reported usages and "maximum use" is defined as the 95th percentile of reported usages (EFSA, 2002i).
Note: mg/kg = 0.001/1000 = 0.000001 = 1/1000000 = ppm.
 average usage mg/kgmaximum usage mg/kg
Dairy products, excluding products of category 02.0 (01.0): 22.2900033.55000
Fats and oils, and fat emulsions (type water-in-oil) (02.0): --
Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet (03.0): 173.78000209.70000
Processed fruit (04.1): --
Processed vegetables (incl. mushrooms & fungi, roots & tubers, pulses and legumes), and nuts & seeds (04.2): --
Confectionery (05.0): 950.000001000.00000
Chewing gum (05.0): --
Cereals and cereal products, incl. flours & starches from roots & tubers, pulses & legumes, excluding bakery (06.0): --
Bakery wares (07.0): 132.82000177.55000
Meat and meat products, including poultry and game (08.0): 1.000002.00000
Fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms (MCE) (09.0): --
Eggs and egg products (10.0): --
Sweeteners, including honey (11.0): --
Salts, spices, soups, sauces, salads, protein products, etc. (12.0): 10.0000010.00000
Foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses (13.0): --
Non-alcoholic ("soft") beverages, excl. dairy products (14.1): 17.3300027.72000
Alcoholic beverages, incl. alcohol-free and low-alcoholic counterparts (14.2): 3.000006.00000
Ready-to-eat savouries (15.0): --
Composite foods (e.g. casseroles, meat pies, mincemeat) - foods that could not be placed in categories 01.0 - 15.0 (16.0): --
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA): Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Flavouring Group Evaluation 202: 3-Alkylated aliphatic acyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and precursors with or without additional double bonds from chemical subgroup 1.1.3 of FGE.19[1]
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 06, Revision 4 (FGE.06Rev4): Straight- and branched-chain aliphatic unsaturated primary alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and esters from chemical groups 1, 3 and 4
View page or View pdf
EPI System: View
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): 106-26-3
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 643779
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany: 1
 (2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal
Chemidplus: 0000106263
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
References:
 (2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 106-26-3
Pubchem (cid): 643779
Pubchem (sid): 135025253
Flavornet: 106-26-3
Pherobase: View
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI: View
KEGG (GenomeNet): C09847
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): Search
FooDB: FDB013575
Export Tariff Code: 2912.19.1000
Typical G.C.
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider: View
Wikipedia: View
Formulations/Preparations:
•citral has a strong, lemon-like, odor and a characteristic bittersweet taste. commercially, the product is a mixture of two geometric isomers - alpha-citral and beta-citral, each exhibiting cis- and trans-isomers because of the position of the double bond. geranial (trans-) and neral (cis-). •citral from natural sources is a 2:1 mixture of two geometric isomers geranial and neral •commercial material is a mixture of alpha and beta isomers. •grade: technical; pure; fcc
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Potential Blenders and core components note
 
For Odor
No odor group found for these
 lemon leaf flavor 
 zanthoxylum acanthopodium fruit 
 zanthoxylum acanthopodium fruit oilFL/FR
 litsea cubeba fruit extractFR
aldehydic
 decanal (aldehyde C-10)FL/FR
 dodecanal (aldehyde C-12 lauric)FL/FR
2-methyl undecanal dimethyl acetalFR
 nonanal (aldehyde C-9)FL/FR
 octanal (aldehyde C-8)FL/FR
citronella
4,8-dimethyl-7-nonen-2-olFR
citrus
 abronia fragranceFR
 acetaldehyde citronellyl methyl acetalFR
 agathis australis oil 
 agathis australis oleoresin 
 aldehydic nitrileFR
 backhousia citriodora f. muell. leaf oil 
 backhousia citriodora leaf oilFR
 bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italyFL/FR
beta-bisabololFL/FR
 citralFL/FR
(E)-citralFL/FR
 citral / methyl anthranilate schiff's baseFR
 citral diethyl acetalFL/FR
 citral dimethyl acetalFL/FR
 citral ethylene glycol acetalFR
 citral propylene glycol acetalFL/FR
 citronella oil ceylonFL/FR
 citronellyl nitrileFR
 citrus limon extractFL/FR
 citrus limon flower/leaf/stem extractFR
 citrus limon fruit extractFL/FR
 citrus limon fruit oilFL/FR
 citrus limon fruit waterFL/FR
 citrus limon juice extractFL/FR
 citrus limon juice powderFL/FR
 citrus limon peel extractFL/FR
 citrus limon peel oil c.p. floridaFL/FR
 citrus limon peel oil expressedFL/FR
 citrus limon peel tinctureFL/FR
(E)-citrus nitrileFR
 crithmum maritimum oilFR
 dihydromyrcenolFL/FR
(E+Z)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-yl acetateFL/FR
citrus floral fragranceFR
homogeranyl nitrileFR
(E)-geranyl nitrile 
 geranyl nitrileCS
 kauri-copal leaf oil 
 lemon absolute replacerFR
 lemon balm fragranceFR
 lemon essence (oil phase)FL/FR
 lemon essence (water phase)FL/FR
 lemon fragranceFR
 lemon hexadieneFL/FR
 lemon oilFL/FR
citral-less lemon oilFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. africaFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. argentinaFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. brazilFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. californiaFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. furocoumarin reducedFL/FR
meyer lemon oil cold pressedFL/FR
 lemon oil decolorizedFL/FR
 lemon oil foldedFL/FR
 lemon oil folded argentinaFL/FR
 lemon oil folded brazilFL/FR
 lemon oil folded californiaFL/FR
 lemon oil folded italyFL/FR
 lemon oil italyFL/FR
 lemon oil replacerFR
 lemon oil residuesFL/FR
 lemon oil terpenelessFL/FR
 lemon oil terpenesFL/FR
 lemon oil washedFL/FR
 lemon specialtyFL/FR
 lemon verbena oil 
 lemon verbena oil turkey 
 lemongrass oilFL/FR
 lemongrass oil guatemalaFL/FR
 lime oil fractionsFR
 lime pyranFR
 limonia acidissima fruit extract 
 litsea cubeba fruit oilFL/FR
 litsea cubeba oil terpenelessFL/FR
 mandarin lemon fagranceFR
(Z+E)-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl) cyclopropane carbaldehydeFL/FR
alpha-methylene citronellalFR
 ocimenolFL/FR
sweet orange peel oil c.p. brazilFL/FR
 petitgrain combava oilFR
lemon scented tea tree oilFR
 tetrahydrocitralFL/FR
 trimethyl cyclohexeneFR
 verbena absolute franceFL/FR
 verbena oil replacerFR
 verbena oil spainFL/FR
 verbena oil terpenelessFL/FR
 verbena specialtyFR
fatty
 decanolFL/FR
floral
 acetophenoneFL/FR
 aeolanthus graveolens oilFR
alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
isoamyl geranateFR
 bois de rose oil brazilFL/FR
 citronellalFL/FR
 citronellolFL/FR
 coriander seed oilFL/FR
 geraniolFL/FR
 geranyl acetateFL/FR
 heliotropinFL/FR
 lemon oil distilledFL/FR
 linaloolFL/FR
laevo-linaloolFL/FR
 nerolFL/FR
(R)-ocean propanal 
 petitgrain lemon oilFL/FR
 phenethyl alcoholFL/FR
 phenyl amyl alcoholFL/FR
fruity
 amyl heptanoateFL/FR
 eucalyptus staigeriana oilFR
green
 citral / diisotridecyl acetalFR
isodecanalFL/FR
1,5-dimethyl-3-isopropyl-2-oxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 
 diphenyl oxideFL/FR
 green dioxolaneFR
 neogallFR
herbal
 canarium luzonicum gumFL/FR
 canarium luzonicum oilFL/FR
 clary sage oil franceFL/FR
alpha-dihydroterpineolFL/FR
 lavender absolute bulgariaFL/FR
 linalyl acetateFL/FR
 terpinoleneFL/FR
medicinal
 kunzea ericoides leaf oilFR
 cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
 clove bud oilFL/FR
isoeugenolFL/FR
 piper longum fruit oilFL/FR
 piper longum fruit oil CO2 extractFL/FR
terpenic
 elemi resinoidFL/FR
 frankincense oilFL/FR
alpha-phellandreneFL/FR
gamma-terpineneFL/FR
alpha-terpineolFL/FR
woody
(E+Z)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-olFL/FR
alpha-terpineneFL/FR
 
For Flavor
 
No flavor group found for these
 agathis australis oil 
 agathis australis oleoresin 
alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
 backhousia citriodora f. muell. leaf oil 
 balm leaf powderFL
 citral propylene glycol acetalFL/FR
 citrus limon juice powderFL/FR
isodecanalFL/FR
(E+Z)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-olFL/FR
(E+Z)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-yl acetateFL/FR
(E)-geranyl nitrile 
 kauri-copal leaf oil 
 lemon oil residuesFL/FR
 lemon specialtyFL/FR
 lemon verbena oil 
 lemon verbena oil turkey 
 limonia acidissima fruit extract 
 melissa oilFL
4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanolFL
(Z+E)-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl) cyclopropane carbaldehydeFL/FR
(R)-ocean propanal 
 ocimenolFL/FR
 phenyl amyl alcoholFL/FR
 tetrahydrocitralFL/FR
aldehydic
 nonanal (aldehyde C-9)FL/FR
 octanal (aldehyde C-8)FL/FR
cherry
 heliotropinFL/FR
citrus
 bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italyFL/FR
beta-bisabololFL/FR
 butter lemon orange flavorFL
 cherry lemon lime flavorFL
 citralFL/FR
(E)-citralFL/FR
 citral diethyl acetalFL/FR
 citral dimethyl acetalFL/FR
 citronella oil ceylonFL/FR
 citrus enhancerFL
 citrus limon extractFL/FR
 citrus limon fruit extractFL/FR
 citrus limon fruit oilFL/FR
 citrus limon fruit waterFL/FR
 citrus limon juiceFL
 citrus limon juice extractFL/FR
 citrus limon peel extractFL/FR
 citrus limon peel oil c.p. floridaFL/FR
 citrus limon peel oil expressedFL/FR
 citrus limon peel tinctureFL/FR
 curacao flavorFL
1,5-dimethyl-3-isopropyl-2-oxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 
 kiwi lemon lime flavorFL
 lemon carbonylsFL
 lemon essence (oil phase)FL/FR
 lemon essence (water phase)FL/FR
italian lemon flavorFL
 lemon flavorFL
meyer lemon flavorFL
bitter lemon flavorFL
pink lemon flavorFL
 lemon fractionsFL
 lemon hexadieneFL/FR
 lemon juice concentrateFL
 lemon juice flavorFL
 lemon lime flavorFL
 lemon oilFL/FR
citral-less lemon oilFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. africaFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. argentinaFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. brazilFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. californiaFL/FR
 lemon oil c.p. furocoumarin reducedFL/FR
meyer lemon oil cold pressedFL/FR
 lemon oil decolorizedFL/FR
 lemon oil distilledFL/FR
 lemon oil foldedFL/FR
 lemon oil folded argentinaFL/FR
 lemon oil folded brazilFL/FR
 lemon oil folded californiaFL/FR
 lemon oil folded italyFL/FR
 lemon oil italyFL/FR
 lemon oil sesquiterpenelessFL
 lemon oil terpenelessFL/FR
 lemon oil terpenesFL/FR
 lemon oil washedFL/FR
 lemon peel flavorFL
 lemon verbena distillatesFL
 lemon zest flavorFL
 lemongrass oilFL/FR
 lemongrass oil guatemalaFL/FR
 lemonless lemon keyFL
 limoncello flavorFL
laevo-linaloolFL/FR
 linaloolFL/FR
 litsea cubeba fruit oilFL/FR
 nerolFL/FR
 orange lemon lime flavorFL
sweet orange peel oil c.p. brazilFL/FR
 petitgrain lemon oilFL/FR
alpha-terpineolFL/FR
 verbena absolute franceFL/FR
 verbena oil franceFL
 verbena oil moroccoFL
 verbena oil spainFL/FR
 verbena oil terpenelessFL/FR
 zanthoxylum acanthopodium fruit 
 zanthoxylum acanthopodium fruit oilFL/FR
floral
 bois de rose oil brazilFL/FR
 citronellalFL/FR
 citronellolFL/FR
 geraniolFL/FR
 linalyl acetateFL/FR
 phenethyl alcoholFL/FR
fruity
 amyl heptanoateFL/FR
 lilikoi float flavorFL
 piper longum fruit oil CO2 extractFL/FR
green
 canarium luzonicum gumFL/FR
 canarium luzonicum oilFL/FR
 dihydromyrcenolFL/FR
 diphenyl oxideFL/FR
 elemi resinoidFL/FR
 geranyl acetateFL/FR
 lemon leaf flavor 
herbal
lemon balm essenceFL
 clary sage oil franceFL/FR
 coriander seed oilFL/FR
 lavender absolute bulgariaFL/FR
 lemon honey mint flavorFL
 lemon mint cream flavorFL
lemon
 litsea cubeba oil terpenelessFL/FR
powdery
 acetophenoneFL/FR
soapy
 dodecanal (aldehyde C-12 lauric)FL/FR
spicy
 benzylidene acetoneFL
 cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
 clove bud oilFL/FR
isoeugenolFL/FR
 piper longum fruit oilFL/FR
terpenic
alpha-phellandreneFL/FR
alpha-terpineneFL/FR
gamma-terpineneFL/FR
waxy
 decanal (aldehyde C-10)FL/FR
 decanolFL/FR
woody
alpha-dihydroterpineolFL/FR
 frankincense oilFL/FR
 terpinoleneFL/FR
 
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Potential Uses:
 acaciaFR
 appleFR
 apple green appleFR
 apricotFR
 basil oil replacerFR
 bayberryFR
 bergamotFR
 blackberryFR
 blueberryFR
 butterscotchFR
 cedratFR
 cherryFR
 citronellaFR
 citrusFR
 coconut tropical coconutFR
 coffeeFR
 cologneFR
 eucalyptus oil replacerFR
 fernFR
 fir needle oil replacerFR
 floralFR
 fresh and cleanFR
 geraniumFR
 gingerFR
 grapefruitFR
 lemonFR
 lemongrassFR
 limeFR
 maceFR
 magnoliaFR
 mandarinFR
 melonFR
 my sin 
 neroliFR
 orangeFR
 orange blossomFR
 passion fruitFR
 peachFR
 petitgrain lemon petitgrainFL/FR
 pineappleFR
 plumFR
 raspberryFR
 roseFR
 rose red roseFR
 rose white roseFR
 sassafrasFR
 strawberryFR
 topnotes 
 vanillaFR
 verbenaFR
 zibelineFR
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 acerola - up to 0.01 mg/kg
Search Trop  Picture
 backhousia citriodora f. muell. leaf oil @ 42.50%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 basil leaf oil
Search Trop  Picture
 basil plant
Search Trop  Picture
 basil shoot oil
Search Trop  Picture
 bay laurel leaf
Search Trop  Picture
 bay leaf oil clove @ 0.1%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 bay leaf oil lemon @ 31.7%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 bergamot oil @ 0.105-0.344%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 bergamot oil turkey @ 0.36%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 blackberry fruit - less than 0.005 mg/kg
Search  PMC Picture
 blood orange oil (citrus sinensis l. var. sanguinello) italy @ 0.050%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 blood orange oil (citrus sinensis l. var. tarocco) italy @ 0.048%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 blood orange oil italy @ 0.055%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 boysenberry fruit - less than 0.005 mg/kg
Search Trop  Picture
 carrot seed oil @ 0.53%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 celery leaf
Search Trop  Picture
 celery shoot
Search Trop  Picture
 champaca absolute (michelia alba dc.) @ 0.04%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 champaca concrete @ trace%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 citronella oil zimbabwe @ 0.29%
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 clary sage oil greece @ 1.50%
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 couroupita guianensis aubl. flower oil brazil @ 0.40%
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 cymbopogon citratus (dc.) stapf. oil cuba @ 38.20%
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 eucalyptus globulus bicostata oil @ 1.62%
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 eucalyptus globulus oil @ 0.30%
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 eucalyptus globulus oil zambia @ trace%
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 ferula cupularis leaf oil @ 0.14%
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 geranium oil bourbon @ 1.09%
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 geranium oil rwanda @ 0.87%
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 ginger
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 ginger rhizome
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 ginger rhizome oil
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 ginger root oil brazil @ 5.40%
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 ginger root oil china @ 1.34%
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 ginger root oil CO2 extract australia @ 2.87%
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 grape - 0.002 mg/kg
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 grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.05%
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 grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.05%
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 grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.06%
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 grapefruit oil c.p. italy @ 0.06%
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 grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.03%
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 grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.06%
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 grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.06%
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 grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.07%
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 grapefruit oil california @ 0.08%
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 grapefruit oil CO2 extract @ 0.15%
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 hyptis spicigera lam. oil mali @ 3.00-3.40%
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 hyptis suaveolens (l.) poit. oil mali @ 0.20-1.00%
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 lemon balm shoot
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 lemon leaf oil
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 lemon oil
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 lemon oil california @ 0.74%
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 lemon pericarp oil
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 lemon petiole
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 lemon verbena oil morocco @ 6.9%
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 lemon verbena oil turkey @ 5.99%
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 lemongrass leaf
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 lemongrass oil @ 18.50%
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 lemongrass oil @ 34.93%
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 lemongrass oil @ 35.25%
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 lemongrass oil cameroon @ 33.50%
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 lemongrass oil egypt @ 31.96%
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 lemongrass oil guatemala @ 30.50%
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 lemongrass oil morocco @ 32.00%
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 lemongrass oil rwanda @ 32.17%
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 lemongrass oil yunnan @ 35.24%
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 lime fruit
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 lime oil distilled mexico @ 0.02%
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 lime oil distilled peru @ 0.03%
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 lime oil expressed florida @ 1.2%
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 litsea cubeba oil china @ 25.50%
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 macadamia nut - 0.03 mg/kg
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 mandarin fruit
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 mandarin oil @ 0.33%
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 mandarin oil avana @ trace%
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 mandarin oil avana @ trace%
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 mandarin oil italy @ 0.01%
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 mandarin oil japan @ trace%
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 mandarin oil uruguay @ 0.01-0.03%
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 manuka var. rotundifolium oil australia @ 0.10%
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 melissa oil @ 19.75%
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 melissa oil slovak republic @ 22.18%
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 myrtle lemon scented leaf oil australia @ 0.30%
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 neroli bigarde oil france @ 0.50%
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 orange fruit
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 orange oil c.p. brazil @ 0.06-0.07%
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 orange oil terpeneless @ 4.50%
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 orange peel oil bitter brazil @ 0.05%
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 orange peel oil bitter italy @ 0.03%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.050%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.080%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.083%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.088%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.089%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. egypt @ 1.26%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. florida @ 0.05%
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 orange peel oil sweet c.p. valencia @ 0.07%
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 palmarosa oil @ 0.10%
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 parsley leaf
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 peppermint leaf
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 petitgrain bergamot oil @ 0.07%
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 petitgrain combava oil @ trace%
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 petitgrain grapefruit oil @ 1.20%
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 petitgrain lemon oil @ 24.95%
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 petitgrain lime oil @ 23.80%
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 petitgrain oil @ trace%
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 petitgrain sweet oil @ 1.01%
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 pimenta racemosa leaf oil lemon @ 31.70%
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 plectranthus glandulosus hook f. leaf oil cameroon @ 0.80%
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 raspberry red raspberry fruit - less than 0.005 mg/kg
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 sage oil reunion @ trace%
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 satureja viminea l. oil costa rica @ 0.10%
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 sugandha kokila berry oil @ 0.30%
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 tangerine oil america @ trace%
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 tea - up to 4 mg/kg
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 tea leaf
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 thyme oil wild or creeping france @ 0.50%
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 thyme oil wild or creeping pakistan @ 0.10%
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 tomato - up to 6 mg/kg
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 turmeric root oil hydrodistilled @ 1.54%
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 verbena oil france @ 14.40%
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 watermelon fruit juice
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 zingiber officinale root oil china @ 0.71%
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Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Synonyms:
(Z)-citral
cis-citral
(Z)-3,7-dimethyl octa-2,6-dienal
(Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal
cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal
(2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal
(Z)-neral
 neral refined 94/95% (natural)
 neral standard 88% (natural)
 neral, refined 60 - 63%
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Articles:
PubMed: Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Tagetes minuta and Ocimum basilicum essential oils.
PubMed: HPLC-DAD for the determination of three different classes of antifungals: method characterization, statistical approach, and application to a permeation study.
PubMed: Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
PubMed: Antimicrobial constituents and synergism effect of the essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Alpinia galanga.
PubMed: Comparative chemical study and cytotoxic activity of Uvariodendron angustifolium essential oils from Benin.
PubMed: Suppression of allergic and inflammatory responses by essential oils derived from herbal plants and citrus fruits.
PubMed: Essential oil from lemon peels inhibit key enzymes linked to neurodegenerative conditions and pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation.
PubMed: Assessment of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Essential Oil as Herbal Preservatives Based on Antifungal, Antiaflatoxin, and Antiochratoxin Activities and In Vivo Efficacy during Storage.
PubMed: [Compartmentalization of neral non-synaptic plasticity at subcellular level].
PubMed: The use of bone cement in difficult distal radius fractures.
PubMed: Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of plant essential oils from Benin against Anopheles gambiae (Giles).
PubMed: Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of the essential oils of four Cymbopogon species from Benin.
PubMed: Engineering Escherichia coli for selective geraniol production with minimized endogenous dehydrogenation.
PubMed: Silicone arthroplasty for nonrheumatic metacarpophalangeal joint arthritis.
PubMed: Chemical composition of the essential oils of variegated pink-fleshed lemon (Citrus x limon L. Burm. f.) and their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.
PubMed: Antispasmodic effects and composition of the essential oils from two South American chemotypes of Lippia alba.
PubMed: Bioefficacy of acyclic monoterpenes and their saturated derivatives against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens.
PubMed: Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil of two basil landraces.
PubMed: Cytosolic monoterpene biosynthesis is supported by plastid-generated geranyl diphosphate substrate in transgenic tomato fruits.
PubMed: Behavioural and electroantennogram responses of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) to plant essential oils and their mixtures with attractants.
PubMed: Chemical composition and in vitro biological activities of the essential oil of Vepris macrophylla (BAKER) I.VERD. endemic to Madagascar.
PubMed: Vasodilator activity of the essential oil from aerial parts of Pectis brevipedunculata and its main constituent citral in rat aorta.
PubMed: Terpenoids from Zingiber officinale (Ginger) induce apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells through the activation of p53.
PubMed: Essential oils and their compositions as spatial repellents for pestiferous social wasps.
PubMed: Phytochemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties on Wistar rats.
PubMed: [Genetic counselling in male carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations].
PubMed: Fumigant antifungal activity of Myrtaceae essential oils and constituents from Leptospermum petersonii against three Aspergillus species.
PubMed: Evaluation of bioefficacy of three Citrus essential oils against the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in correlation to their components enantiomeric distribution.
PubMed: Functional characterization of SlscADH1, a fruit-ripening-associated short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase of tomato.
PubMed: Chemical composition of essential oils of Litsea cubeba harvested from its distribution areas in China.
PubMed: Contact allergy to air-exposed geraniol: clinical observations and report of 14 cases.
PubMed: Timing of male sex pheromone biosynthesis in a butterfly - different dynamics under direct or diapause development.
PubMed: Virtual screening and in vitro assay of potential drug like inhibitors from spices against Glutathione-S-Transferase of Meloidogyne incognita.
PubMed: Development of microemulsion of a potent anti-tyrosinase essential oil of an edible plant.
PubMed: Antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of essential oils of edible Thai plants.
PubMed: Enhancement of the antibiotic activity of erythromycin by volatile compounds of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown against Staphylococcus aureus.
PubMed: A dual catalyst system provides the shortest pathway for L-menthol synthesis.
PubMed: Determining the disinfection of textiles in compressed carbon dioxide using various indicator microbes.
PubMed: Encapsulation of citral isomers in extracted lemongrass oil with cyclodextrins: molecular modeling and physicochemical characterizations.
PubMed: Chemical composition and vasorelaxant effect induced by the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown. (Verbenaceae) in rat mesenteric artery.
PubMed: Multidimensional enantio gas chromtography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-combustion-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry for the authenticity assessment of lime essential oils (C. aurantifolia Swingle and C. latifolia Tanaka).
PubMed: Chemical constituents and their bioactivities of "Tongling White Ginger" (Zingiber officinale).
PubMed: Chemical characterization of Lippia alba essential oil: an alternative to control green molds.
PubMed: Anti-quorum sensing activity of essential oils from Colombian plants.
PubMed: Chemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of Lippia alba essential oils.
PubMed: Chemical composition analysis of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. from Kurdistan, Iran by HS/SPME method and calculation of the biophysicochemical coefficients of the components.
PubMed: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus essential oils alone and in combination.
PubMed: Composition of a monoterpenoid-rich essential oil from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale from north western Himalayas.
PubMed: Discrimination of Oribotritia species by oil gland chemistry (Acari, Oribatida).
PubMed: Microparticles containing lemongrass volatile oil: preparation, characterization and thermal stability.
PubMed: Seasonal variation in the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatile oils of three species of Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) grown in Brazil.
PubMed: Synergistic antimicrobial activity of galangal (Alpinia galanga), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and lemon iron bark (Eucalyptus staigerana) extracts.
PubMed: Essential oil polymorphism of wild growing Hungarian thyme (Thymus pannonicus) populations in the Carpathian Basin.
PubMed: Liquid and vapour-phase antifungal activities of selected essential oils against Candida albicans: microscopic observations and chemical characterization of Cymbopogon citratus.
PubMed: Multiple neural tube defects in the same patient with no neurological deficit.
PubMed: The effects of high hydrostatic pressure treatment on the flavor and color of grated ginger.
PubMed: Chemical composition and antiprotozoal activities of Colombian Lippia spp essential oils and their major components.
PubMed: Essential-oil composition, antileishmanial, and toxicity study of Artemisia abyssinica and Satureja punctata ssp. punctata from Ethiopia.
PubMed: Sexual abuse prevention: a training program for developmental disabilities service providers.
PubMed: Volatile organic components of fresh leaves as indicators of indigenous and cultivated citrus species in Taiwan.
PubMed: Chemotaxonomic investigations of peel and petitgrain essential oils from 17 citron cultivars.
PubMed: Bioactivity against Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils grown in Colombia.
PubMed: Nematicidal activity of essential oils and volatiles derived from Portuguese aromatic flora against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.
PubMed: Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts of Litsea cubeba.
PubMed: Quantitative determination of some volatile suspected allergens in cosmetic creams spread on skin by direct contact sorptive tape extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed: Chemical composition of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils and their insecticidal effects on Lutzomyia longipalpis.
PubMed: Composition and antioxidant properties of the essential oil of the endemic Cape Verdean Satureja forbesii.
PubMed: Efficacy of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil and its monoterpene aldehyde constituents against fungi isolated from some edible legume seeds and aflatoxin B1 production.
PubMed: Lemongrass effects on IL-1beta and IL-6 production by macrophages.
PubMed: Essential oil of Lindera neesiana fruit: chemical analysis and its potential use in topical applications.
PubMed: Repellent activity of alligator pepper, Aframomum melegueta, and ginger, Zingiber officinale, against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais.
PubMed: Non-cognitive variables and residency choice.
PubMed: Site-saturation mutagenesis of tryptophan 116 of Saccharomyces pastorianus old yellow enzyme uncovers stereocomplementary variants.
PubMed: Biotransformation of menthol and geraniol by hairy root cultures of Anethum graveolens: effect on growth and volatile components.
PubMed: Male-produced aggregation pheromone blend in Platypus koryoensis.
PubMed: Menthol and geraniol biotransformation and glycosylation capacity of Levisticum officinale hairy roots.
PubMed: Processing and storage effects on orange juice aroma: a review.
PubMed: Cytochrome P450-mediated activation of the fragrance compound geraniol forms potent contact allergens.
PubMed: Evaluation of the chemical composition of Brazilian commercial Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) stapf samples.
PubMed: Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. from Romania.
PubMed: Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of Thai basil oils and their micro-emulsion formulas against Propionibacterium acnes.
PubMed: Citral sensing by Transient [corrected] receptor potential channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons.
PubMed: Solid-phase microextraction for determining twelve orange flavour compounds in a model beverage emulsion.
PubMed: Geraniol dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in biosynthesis of the alarm pheromone, from the astigmatid mite Carpoglyphus lactis (Acari: Carpoglyphidae).
PubMed: A male-produced aggregation pheromone blend consisting of alkanediols, terpenoids, and an aromatic alcohol from the cerambycid beetle Megacyllene caryae.
PubMed: Expression of two old yellow enzyme homologues from Gluconobacter oxydans and identification of their citral hydrogenation abilities.
PubMed: Effect of pulp reduction and pasteurization on the release of aroma compounds in industrial orange juice.
PubMed: Identification of the genotype from the content and composition of the essential oil of lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora Palau).
PubMed: Nematicidal Activity of Plant Essential Oils and Components From Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi), Allspice (Pimenta dioica) and Litsea (Litsea cubeba) Essential Oils Against Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus).
PubMed: Nematicidal and larvicidal activities of the essential oils from aerial parts of Pectis oligocephala and Pectis apodocephala Baker.
PubMed: Fragrance compound geraniol forms contact allergens on air exposure. Identification and quantification of oxidation products and effect on skin sensitization.
PubMed: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of three species of Artemisia on some soil-borne phytopathogens.
PubMed: The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Dracocephalum foetidum against pathogenic microorganisms.
PubMed: Male sex pheromone release and female mate choice in a butterfly.
PubMed: Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against microorganisms deteriorating fruit juices.
PubMed: Authenticity control of essential oils containing citronellal and citral by chiral and stable-isotope gas-chromatographic analysis.
PubMed: Chemical alarm and defence in the oribatid mite Collohmannia gigantea (Acari: Oribatida).
PubMed: Extended surgical resection for xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimicking advanced gallbladder carcinoma: A case report and review of literature.
PubMed: Essential oil composition of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) grown in Australia.
PubMed: Analysis of the enzymatic formation of citral in the glands of sweet basil.
PubMed: [Allelopathic effects of Cymbopogon citratu volatile and its chemical components].
PubMed: Commercially processed dry ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production.
PubMed: Volatile exudates from the oribatid mite, Platynothrus peltifer.
PubMed: Carotenoid pigmentation affects the volatile composition of tomato and watermelon fruits, as revealed by comparative genetic analyses.
PubMed: Bioactive constituents from Dracocephalum subcapitatum (O. Kuntze) Lipsky.
PubMed: Ontogenetic changes in the chemistry and morphology of oil glands in Hermannia convexa (Acari: Oribatida).
PubMed: Metabolism of geraniol in grape berry mesocarp of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Scheurebe: demonstration of stereoselective reduction, E/Z-isomerization, oxidation and glycosylation.
PubMed: In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei.
PubMed: The effect of solvent interactions on alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin/flavor molecular inclusion complexes.
PubMed: Identification and biosynthesis of an aggregation pheromone of the storage mite Chortoglyphus arcuatus.
PubMed: Two new monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids from Dracocephalum kotschyi.
PubMed: Determination of flavour and off-flavour compounds in orange juice by on-line coupling of a pervaporation unit to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed: Headspace solid-phase microextraction for characterization of fragrances of lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil.
PubMed: Analysis of anal secretions from phlaeothripine thrips.
PubMed: Characterization of geraniol synthase from the peltate glands of sweet basil.
PubMed: Chemical ecology of oribatid mites III. Chemical composition of oil gland exudates from two oribatid mites, Trhypochthoniellus sp. and Trhypochthonius japonicus (Acari: Trhypochthoniidae).
PubMed: Semiochemicals from the predatory stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff): components of metathoracic gland, dorsal abdominal gland, and sternal gland secretions.
PubMed: Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 2. Absorption and histopathology following application to human skin.
PubMed: Analysis of some Italian lemon liquors (limoncello).
PubMed: Inhibition of citrus postharvest pathogens by vapor of citral and related compounds in culture.
PubMed: Activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae species against food spoilage yeasts.
PubMed: A phase II detoxification enzyme inducer from lemongrass: identification of citral and involvement of electrophilic reaction in the enzyme induction.
PubMed: [A study on the effect and mechanism of acupuncture suppression of neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischemia].
PubMed: Assessment of estrogenic activity in some common essential oil constituents.
PubMed: Chemistry of the oil gland secretion of Collohmannia gigantea (Acari: Oribatida).
PubMed: Comparison of extraction methods for marker compounds in the essential oil of lemon grass by GC.
PubMed: Volatile components of peel and leaf oils of lemon and lime species.
PubMed: Composition and seasonal variation of the essential oil from leaves and peel of a Cretan lemon variety.
PubMed: Degradation of monoterpenes in orange juice by gamma radiation.
PubMed: Characterization of the odor-active volatiles in citrus Hyuganatsu (Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka).
PubMed: Changes in essential oil during enzyme-assisted ensiling of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook).
PubMed: Biotransformation of constituents of essential oils by germinating wheat seed.
PubMed: Amino acid-catalyzed conversion of citral: cis-trans isomerization and its conversion into 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and acetaldehyde.
PubMed: Encapsulation of lemon oil by paste method using beta-cyclodextrin: encapsulation efficiency and profile of oil volatiles.
PubMed: The main citral-geraniol and carvacrol chemotypes of the essential oil of thymus pulegioides L. growing wild in vilnius district (Lithuania).
PubMed: Grapefruit gland oil composition is affected by wax application, storage temperature, and storage time.
PubMed: Mechanism of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by citral, a retinoid antagonist.
PubMed: Infraspecific taxonomy and essential oil chemotypes in sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum.
PubMed: Genetic analysis of essential oil variants in Perilla frutescens.
PubMed: Prediction of medical student achievement by the utilization of personality characteristics and personal values.
PubMed: Stress, coping, and well-being among third-year medical students.
PubMed: Variation with caste of the mandibular gland secretion in the leaf-cutting antAtta sexdens rubropilosa.
PubMed: The effects of malpractice on Mississippi physicians.
PubMed: Acyclic monoterpene primary alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase of Rauwolfia serpentina cells: the key enzyme in biosynthesis of monoterpene alcohols.
PubMed: The metabolism of 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (citral) in rat hepatic mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. Interactions with aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenases.
PubMed: Metabolism of citral, an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde, in male F344 rats.
PubMed: Robber bees (Lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense byTrigona (Tetragonisca) angustula (Apidae: Meliponinae).
PubMed: Chemistry of mandibular and Dufour's gland secretions of ants in genusMyrmecocystus.
PubMed: Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.
PubMed: The Role of 9- and/or 10-oxygenated Derivatives of Geraniol, Geranial, Nerol, and Neral in the Biosynthesis of Loganin and Ajmalicine.
PubMed: Exocrine secretions of bees V. Terpenoid esters in the Dufour's secretions ofPanurginus bees (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae).
PubMed: A comparative study of the exocrine products of cleptoparasitic bees (Holcopasites) and their hosts (Calliopsis) (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae, Andrenidae).
PubMed: [Chemical composition of the essential oil from melissa].
PubMed: Biogenesis of monoterpenes : Bioconversion of citral by a cell suspension culture of muscat grapes.
PubMed: Mandibular glands of maleCentris adani, (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) : Their morphology, chemical constituents, and function in scent marking and territorial behavior.
PubMed: The Nasonov pheromone of the honeybeeApis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Part II. Bioassay of the components using foragers.
PubMed: An electrophysiological study of the sacral parasympathetic pathway to the colon of the cat.
PubMed: [Positive experience with paracervical block in minor gynecological surgery].
PubMed: Skimania.
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