| Name: | picea abies leaf oil |
| CAS Number: | 91770-69-3 |
|
| ECHA EC Number: | 294-855-9 |
Category: fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
Organoleptic Properties:
| |
| Odor Type: green |
| |
| | green fruity earthy pine lemon |
Odor Description: at 100.00 %. | green fruity earthy fern pine lemon |
| |
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
| |
| |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 400 mg/kg Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. Vol. 9, Pg. 91, 1971.
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | fragrance agents |
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
| contains the following IFRA (Annex) restricted components: (non-analysis max. level reference only) |
| citronellol | Max. Found: 0.28 % and Reason: Sensitization |
| longifolene | Max. Found: 0.22 % and Reason: Sensitization |
| Recommendation for picea abies leaf oil usage levels up to: | | | 8.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
|
| |
| Recommendation for picea abies leaf oil flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
|
Safety References:
References:
| | picea abies leaf oil |
| Pubchem (sid): | 135351825 |
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
| |
| For Odor |
| No odor group found for these |
| | ethyl (R)-2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| amber |
| (Z)- | abienol | FL/FR |
| animal |
| | methyl (E)-2-octenoate | FL/FR |
| balsamic |
| | abies alba cone oil | FR |
| iso | amyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| | balsam fir oleoresin | FL/FR |
| | fir carboxylate | FR |
| | hexyl cinnamate | FR |
| | spruce needle absolute | FL/FR |
| red | spruce oil | FR |
| berry |
| | mulberry fragrance | FR |
| citrus |
| | backhousia citriodora leaf oil | FR |
| (R)- | citronellyl nitrile | FR |
| | citrus specialty | FR |
| 2- | heptanol | FL/FR |
| earthy |
| | methyl 3-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| ethereal |
| | cyclohexyl formate | FL/FR |
| fatty |
| 3- | decen-2-one | FL/FR |
| | hexyl pivalate | FR |
| | methyl (E)-2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl 2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| floral |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamaldehyde diethyl acetal | FR |
| | boronia absolute | FL/FR |
| | boronia absolute replacer | FL/FR |
| | boronia fragrance | FR |
| | cassie specialty (acacia farnesiana) | FR |
| | cassis cyclohexene | FR |
| | dihydrocarvyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (±)-2,3- | dihydrofarnesol | FL/FR |
| 6,8- | dimethyl-2-nonanol | FR |
| (E)- | geranyl acetone | FL/FR |
| | geranyl formate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl lactate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl nonanoate | FL/FR |
| | jasmin cyclopentanol | FR |
| | jasminum sambac flower oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| (Z)- | jasmone | FL/FR |
| (2- | methoxy-1-methyl propyl) benzene | FR |
| para- | methyl benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | papaya isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | tilia cordata flower oil CO2 extract | FR |
| fruity |
| | allyl amyl glycolate | FR |
| | allyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| 3- | allyl oxy-1,4-dimethyl bicyclo(3.2.1)octane | FR |
| iso | amyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| green | apple fragrance | FR |
| 3- | butyl bicyclo[3.2.1]-6-octen-2-one | FR |
| iso | butyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | butyl propionate | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | cherry pentenoate | FL/FR |
| | cinnamyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| 2- | cyclopentyl cyclopentanone | FL/FR |
| 1,4- | dibutyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo(3.2.1)octane | FR |
| | diethyl malonate | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl succinate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (E)-3-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl 2-cyclohexyl propionate | FR |
| | ethyl 2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl 2-octenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl bicyclo(2.2.1)-5-heptene-2-carboxylate | FL/FR |
| endo- | ethyl bicyclo(2.2.1)-5-heptene-2-carboxylate | FR |
| | ethyl levulinate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl methyl-para-tolyl glycidate | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | ethyl sorbate | FL/FR |
| | fig crotonate | FR |
| | fruity butanate | FR |
| | geranyl ethyl ether | FL/FR |
| | geranyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| 2- | heptyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | heptyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | heptyl valerate | FR |
| 2- | hexen-1-ol | FL/FR |
| (E)-3- | hexen-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl (E)-tiglate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl valerate | FL/FR |
| | kiwi fragrance | FR |
| | kiwi specialty | FR |
| | malus sylvestris fruit oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| | mango fragrance | FR |
| | mango specialty | FR |
| | methyl 3-nonenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl heptanoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl octadienoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl valerate | FL/FR |
| 3- | methyl-2-butenal | FL/FR |
| | nerolidyl isobutyrate | FR |
| (Z)-6- | nonenal dimethyl acetal | FR |
| | octen-1-yl cyclopentanone | FL/FR |
| | octyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| 2- | pentyl furan | FL/FR |
| 3- | phenyl propyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| 4- | phenyl-2-butyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | pineapple pentenoate | FL/FR |
| | prenyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| | rhubarb undecane | FR |
| | sorbyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | sorbyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | tetrahydrofurfuryl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | tropical specialty | FR |
| | tropical thiazole | FL/FR |
| | tropical trithiane | FL/FR |
| green |
| | acetaldehyde benzyl 2-methoxyethyl acetal | FL/FR |
| | actinidia chinensis fruit extract | FL/FR |
| | actinidia chinensis fruit water | FR |
| | allyl phenethyl ether | FR |
| | butyl heptanoate | FL/FR |
| green | cognac oil | FL/FR |
| alpha- | decalactone | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (E)-2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (E)-4-decenoate | FL/FR |
| | galbanum specialty | FR |
| | green dioxolane | FR |
| | green note propionate | FL/FR |
| | herbal cyclohexane | FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | hexen-1-yl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| | hexen-1-yl oxypropane nitrile | FR |
| (E)-2- | hexen-1-yl propionate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl valerate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | hexen-1-yl valerate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | hexenal propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| 3- | hexenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexenyl methyl ether | FR |
| | hexyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | manzanate (Givaudan) | FL/FR |
| | neogall | FR |
| (E)-2- | pentenal | FL/FR |
| | picea mariana leaf oil | FR |
| | propylene acetal | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | sorbyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | sorbyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| 1-[(3aS,7aR)-3a,4,7,7a- | tetrahydro-1H-inden-6-yl]ethanone | FR |
| | thiogeraniol | FL/FR |
| 2,4,8- | trimethyl-5-oxatricyclo(6.2.1.0*2,6*)undecane | FR |
| herbal |
| | blue grass fragrance | FR |
| 6- | methoxy-2,6-dimethyl octanal | FR |
| (1S,5R)- | myrtenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | tagete oil india | FL/FR |
| | tricyclodecyl acetate | FR |
| | viridiflorol | FL/FR |
| minty |
| | carvyl acetate | FL/FR |
| mushroom |
| (R)-1- | octen-3-ol | FL/FR |
| nutty |
| 2- | methyl-3-ethoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| | cinnamyl propionate | FL/FR |
| 2,5- | dimethyl bicyclo(3.2.1)-2-octen-3-yl acetate + 1,4-dimethyl bicyclo(3.2.1)-2-octen-3-yl acetate | FR |
| sulfurous |
| 4- | methyl 4-mercaptopentan-2-one 1% solution | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| (E)- | methyl geranate | FL/FR |
| | octyl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| winey |
| | methyl 3-acetoxyoctanoate | FL/FR |
| woody |
| | abies alba cone extract | FL/FR |
| | abies lasiocarpa oil canada | FR |
| | callitris intratropica wood oil australia | FR |
| (E+Z)-4,8- | dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol | FL/FR |
| | spruce fragrance | FR |
| | spruce needle oil canada | FL/FR |
| | verdoxan | FR |
| |
| For Flavor |
| |
| No flavor group found for these |
| | abies alba cone extract | FL/FR |
| | acetaldehyde benzyl 2-methoxyethyl acetal | FL/FR |
| | balsam fir oleoresin | FL/FR |
| | boronia absolute replacer | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | cinnamyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| 2- | cyclopentyl cyclopentanone | FL/FR |
| alpha- | decalactone | FL/FR |
| (±)-2,3- | dihydrofarnesol | FL/FR |
| (E+Z)-4,8- | dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (R)-2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl 2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl bicyclo(2.2.1)-5-heptene-2-carboxylate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl ethyl ether | FL/FR |
| 2- | heptyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | hexenal propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| 3- | hexenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl nonanoate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl valerate | FL/FR |
| | malus sylvestris fruit oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| | methyl (E)-2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl 2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl 3-acetoxyoctanoate | FL/FR |
| 4- | methyl 4-mercaptopentan-2-one 1% solution | FL/FR |
| (E)- | methyl geranate | FL/FR |
| | methyl octadienoate | FL/FR |
| 2- | methyl-3-ethoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
| 4- | phenyl-2-butyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | prenyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| | propylene acetal | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | sorbyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | sorbyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | viridiflorol | FL/FR |
|
| | sorbyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| alliaceous |
| | tropical thiazole | FL/FR |
| balsamic |
| | spruce needle absolute | FL/FR |
| berry |
| | heptyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| cooling |
| | manzanate (Givaudan) | FL/FR |
| estery |
| | ethyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| fatty |
| | ethyl (E)-4-decenoate | FL/FR |
| floral |
| | cinnamyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | dihydrocarvyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (E)- | geranyl acetone | FL/FR |
| | geranyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | jasminum sambac flower oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| iso | amyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| | boronia absolute | FL/FR |
| | butyl heptanoate | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | butyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | cherry pentenoate | FL/FR |
| | diethyl malonate | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl succinate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (E)-2-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl (E)-3-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl 2-octenoate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl levulinate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl methyl-para-tolyl glycidate | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | ethyl sorbate | FL/FR |
| 2- | heptanol | FL/FR |
| 2- | hexen-1-ol | FL/FR |
| (E)-3- | hexen-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl lactate | FL/FR |
| | methyl (E)-2-octenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl 3-hexenoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl 3-nonenoate | FL/FR |
| para- | methyl benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | methyl heptanoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl valerate | FL/FR |
| 3- | methyl-2-butenal | FL/FR |
| | octen-1-yl cyclopentanone | FL/FR |
| 3- | phenyl propyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| | pineapple pentenoate | FL/FR |
| | sorbyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | tetrahydrofurfuryl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | tropical trithiane | FL/FR |
| fusel |
| green | cognac oil | FL/FR |
| green |
| | actinidia chinensis fruit extract | FL/FR |
| | allyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | cyclohexyl formate | FL/FR |
| 3- | decen-2-one | FL/FR |
| | geranyl formate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| | green note propionate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | hexen-1-yl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | hexen-1-yl propionate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | hexen-1-yl valerate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-3- | hexen-1-yl valerate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl (E)-tiglate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| | hexyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | papaya isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| (E)-2- | pentenal | FL/FR |
| 2- | pentyl furan | FL/FR |
| | thiogeraniol | FL/FR |
| herbal |
| | tagete oil india | FL/FR |
| minty |
| | carvyl acetate | FL/FR |
| mushroom |
| (R)-1- | octen-3-ol | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| iso | amyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | octyl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | octyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| woody |
| (Z)- | abienol | FL/FR |
| (Z)- | jasmone | FL/FR |
| (1S,5R)- | myrtenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | spruce needle oil canada | FL/FR |
| |
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | picea abies needle oil | | | picea abies subsp. acuminata leaf oil | | | picea abies subsp. europaea leaf oil | | | picea excelsa leaf oil | | | picea excelsa var. acuminata leaf oil | | | picea montana leaf oil | | | picea vulgaris var. europaea leaf oil | | norway | spruce leaf oil | | norway | spruce needle oil | | norway | spruce oil | | | volatile oil expressed from the needles of the norway spruce, picea abies (l.), pinaceae |
Articles:
| PubMed: | Nitrogen-addition effects on leaf traits and photosynthetic carbon gain of boreal forest understory shrubs. |
| PubMed: | Interactions and competition processes among tree species in young experimental mixed forests, assessed with chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf morphology. |
| PubMed: | Weak vertical canopy gradients of photosynthetic capacities and stomatal responses in a fertile Norway spruce stand. |
| PubMed: | New insights into carbon allocation by trees from the hypothesis that annual wood production is maximized. |
| PubMed: | Response of green reflectance continuum removal index to the xanthophyll de-epoxidation cycle in Norway spruce needles. |
| PubMed: | Mineral nutrition and elevated [CO(2)] interact to modify δ(13)C, an index of gas exchange, in Norway spruce. |
| PubMed: | Leaf area and light use efficiency patterns of Norway spruce under different thinning regimes and age classes. |
| PubMed: | Growth enhancement of Picea abies trees under long-term, low-dose N addition is due to morphological more than to physiological changes. |
| PubMed: | Experimental vs. modeled water use in mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) exposed to elevated CO(2). |
| PubMed: | Interactions of thinning and stem height on the drought response of radial stem growth and isotopic composition of Norway spruce (Picea abies). |
| PubMed: | Needle metabolome, freezing tolerance and gas exchange in Norway spruce seedlings exposed to elevated temperature and ozone concentration. |
| PubMed: | Effect of season, needle age and elevated CO2 concentration on photosynthesis and Rubisco acclimation in Picea abies. |
| PubMed: | Why does leaf nitrogen decline within tree canopies less rapidly than light? An explanation from optimization subject to a lower bound on leaf mass per area. |
| PubMed: | Element interactions and soil properties affecting the soil-to-plant transfer of six elements relevant to radioactive waste in boreal forest. |
| PubMed: | Leaf litter leachates have the potential to increase lifespan, body size, and offspring numbers in a clone of Moina macrocopa. |
| PubMed: | The hydraulic conductivity of the xylem in conifer needles (Picea abies and Pinus mugo). |
| PubMed: | Applicability of non-destructive substitutes for leaf area in different stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) focusing on traditional forest crown measures. |
| PubMed: | The effect of tree architecture on conduit diameter and frequency from small distal roots to branch tips in Betula pendula, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. |
| PubMed: | Simulating stand climate, phenology, and photosynthesis of a forest stand with a process-based growth model. |
| PubMed: | Physiological responses of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings to drought stress. |
| PubMed: | Fine root decomposition rates do not mirror those of leaf litter among temperate tree species. |
| PubMed: | Microwave-assisted rapid plant sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy. |
| PubMed: | Pine weevil feeding on Norway spruce bark has a stronger impact on needle VOC emissions than enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. |
| PubMed: | Fertilization effects on mean stomatal conductance are mediated through changes in the hydraulic attributes of mature Norway spruce trees. |
| PubMed: | Fungal diversity of Norway spruce litter: effects of site conditions and premature leaf fall caused by bark beetle outbreak. |
| PubMed: | Combining delta 13 C and delta 18 O analyses to unravel competition, CO2 and O3 effects on the physiological performance of different-aged trees. |
| PubMed: | Acclimation of leaves to contrasting irradiance in juvenile trees differing in shade tolerance. |
| PubMed: | Induction of photosynthesis and importance of limitations during the induction phase in sun and shade leaves of five ecologically contrasting tree species from the temperate zone. |
| PubMed: | Element contents in leaves of four plant species (birch, mountain ash, fern and spruce) along anthropogenic and geogenic concentration gradients. |
| PubMed: | Significance of ozone exposure for inter-annual differences in primary metabolites of old-growth beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) trees in a mixed forest stand. |
| PubMed: | Tree species effects on decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden. |
| PubMed: | Testing the unifying theory of ozone sensitivity with mature trees of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies. |
| PubMed: | Efficient extraction of proteins from woody plant samples for two-dimensional electrophoresis. |
| PubMed: | Effects of metal-contaminated soil on the performance of young trees growing in model ecosystems under field conditions. |
| PubMed: | Spectral multichannel monitoring of radiation within a mature mixed forest. |
| PubMed: | Above-ground space sequestration determines competitive success in juvenile beech and spruce trees. |
| PubMed: | Avoidance of nonhost plants by a bark beetle, Pityogenes bidentatus, in a forest of odors. |
| PubMed: | Container-grown tree seedling responses to sodium chloride applications in different substrates. |
| PubMed: | Role of climate, crown position, tree age and altitude in calculated ozone flux into needles of Picea abies and Pinus cembra: a synthesis. |
| PubMed: | Modelling of stomatal conductance and ozone flux of Norway spruce: comparison with field data. |
| PubMed: | Acclimation to low irradiance in Picea abies: influences of past and present light climate on foliage structure and function. |
| PubMed: | Nutrient contents and concentrations in relation to growth of Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica along a European transect. |
| PubMed: | Frost resistance and ice nucleation in leaves of five woody timberline species measured in situ during shoot expansion. |
| PubMed: | Chronic effects of vapour phase di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on six plant species. |
| PubMed: | Influence of nutrient supply on shade-sun acclimation of Picea abies seedlings: effects on foliar morphology, photosynthetic performance and growth. |
| PubMed: | Photosynthesis in Norway spruce seedlings infected by the needle rust Chrysomyxa rhododendri. |
| PubMed: | Comparing light interception with stand basal area for predicting tree growth. |
| PubMed: | Dynamics of change in stomatal response and water status of Picea abies during a persistent drought period: a contribution to the traditional view of plant water relations. |
| PubMed: | MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and PSD fragmentation as means for the analysis of condensed tannins in plant leaves and needles. |
| PubMed: | Winter at the alpine timberline. Why does embolism occur in norway spruce but not in stone pine? |
| PubMed: | Soil temperature, gas exchange and nitrogen status of 5-year-old Norway spruce seedlings. |
| PubMed: | Consequences of elevated CO2, augmented nitrogen-deposition and soil type on the soluble nitrogen and sulphur in the phloem of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) in a competitive situation. |
| PubMed: | Age effects on Norway spruce (Picea abies) susceptibility to ozone uptake: a novel approach relating stress avoidance to defense. |
| PubMed: | Age-related effects on leaf area/sapwood area relationships, canopy transpiration and carbon gain of Norway spruce stands (Picea abies) in the Fichtelgebirge, Germany. |
| PubMed: | Foliar morphological and physiological plasticity in Picea abies and Abies alba saplings along a natural light gradient. |
| PubMed: | Hydraulic and stomatal adjustment of Norway spruce trees to environmental stress. |
| PubMed: | Effects of nutrition and soil water availability on water use in a Norway spruce stand. |
| PubMed: | Mean canopy stomatal conductance responses to water and nutrient availabilities in Picea abies and Pinus taeda. |
| PubMed: | Effects of climatic warming on cold hardiness of some northern woody plants assessed from simulation experiments. |
| PubMed: | Morphological and stomatal responses of Norway spruce foliage to irradiance within a canopy depending on shoot age. |
| PubMed: | Strategies of a bark beetle, Pityogenes bidentatus, in an olfactory landscape. |
| PubMed: | A homeobox gene with potential developmental control function in the meristem of the conifer Picea abies. |
| PubMed: | Effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) litter on seed germination and early seedling growth of four boreal tree species. |
| PubMed: | Impact of atmospheric deposition on the status of planted Norway spruce stands: A comparative study between sites in southern Sweden and the northeastern Czech Republic. |
| PubMed: | Variation in the ratio of shoot silhouette area to needle area in fertilized and unfertilized Norway spruce trees. |
| PubMed: | Response of magnesium-deficient saplings in a young, open stand of Picea abies (L.) Karst. to elevated soil magnesium, nitrogen and carbon. |
| PubMed: | Canopy dynamics and aboveground production of five tree species with different leaf longevities. |
| PubMed: | A comparative study into the chemical constitution of cutins and suberins from Picea abies (L.) Karst., Quercus robur L., and Fagus sylvatica L. |
| PubMed: | Status of sulphur in the foliage of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in relation to the mode of contamination. |
| PubMed: | Estimation of leaf area index in fourteen southern Wisconsin forest stands using a portable radiometer. |
| PubMed: | Performance of some growth variables. |
| PubMed: | Regional variation in surface properties of Norway spruce and scots pine needles in relation to forest decline. |
| PubMed: | Crown architecture and stemwood production in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). |
| PubMed: | Changes in carbon allocation patterns in spruce and pine trees following irrigation and fertilization. |
| PubMed: | Buffer capacities of leaves, leaf cells, and leaf cell organelles in relation to fluxes of potentially acidic gases. |
| PubMed: | Seasonal Fluctuation of Reserve Materials in the Trunkwood of Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. |
| PubMed: | The enrichment of (18)O in leaf water under natural conditions. |
|