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Category: fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | yellow to orange clear liquid (est) |
| Assay: | 80.00 to 100.00 %
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Boiling Point: | 267.58 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
|
| Vapor Pressure: | 0.001000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Flash Point: | 75.00 °F. TCC ( 23.89 °C. )
|
| logP (o/w): | 1.374 (est) |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol | | | water, 670.7 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
| Stability: |
| | alcoholic - good | | | antiperspirant spray - good | | | APC (pH = 10) - poor | | | candles - good | | | damp fabric - moderate | | | dry fabric - poor | | | liquid bleach - poor | | | pH = 2 - poor | | | powder detergent - good | | | powder detergent + activator - moderate | | | soap - good | | | toiletries - good |
Organoleptic Properties:
| |
| Odor Type: herbal |
| |
| Odor Strength: | medium |
| |
| Substantivity: | 20 hour(s) at 100.00 % |
| |
| | geranium rose fruity |
Odor Description: at 100.00 %. | geranium rose fruity |
| |
| | floral rose geranium herbal green lavender tea |
Odor Description: at 1.00 %. | floral, rose , geraniol with herbal, green lavender and tea like nuances Mosciano, Gerard, (2009) |
| |
| |
| Flavor Type: floral |
| |
| | floral rose geranium herbal green lavender tea |
Taste Description: at 10.00 ppm. | Floral, rose , geraniol with herbal, green lavender and tea like nuances Mosciano, Gerard, (2009) |
| |
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
| |
| Givaudan |
| Geranodyle |
| Odor Description: | Geranium, Rosy, Fruity Geranodyle is a complex mixture with a fresh,geranium odour. A top note ingredient, it has good diffusivity and increases the fruity character of compositions. |
| |
| Moellhausen |
| GERANODYLE |
| Odor Description: | Geranium, Rosy, Fruity |
| |
| |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
| BOC Sciences |
| For experimental / research use only. |
| p-Menthane-3,8-diol (Natural)
|
| Givaudan |
| Geranodyle
Odor: Geranium, Rosy, Fruity Use: Geranodyle is a complex mixture with a fresh,geranium odour. A top note ingredient, it has good diffusivity and increases the fruity character of compositions. |
| Moellhausen |
| GERANODYLE
|
| Penta International |
| P-MENTHANE-3,8-DIOL
|
| Perfumery Laboratory |
| GERANODIL Givaudan (GERANODYLE Givaudan)
Odor: fresh, complex, rich odor with a deep note of geranium |
| The Perfumers Apprentice |
| Geranodyle (G)
Odor: fresh,geranium odor with good diffusivity Use: increases the fruity character of compositions |
| Vigon International |
| Geranodyle
Odor: Geranium, Rosy, Fruity |
Safety Information:
| European information : |
| Most important hazard(s): | | Xi - Irritant |
R 10 - Flammable. R 36/38 - Irritating to skin and eyes. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36 - Wear suitable protective clothing.
|
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram | |
| |
| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | fragrance agents |
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
| maximum skin levels for fine fragrances: | | | 0.0200 % and are based on the assumption that the fragrance mixture is used at 20% in a consumer product (IFRA Use Level Survey).
|
| Recommendation for geranium cyclohexane usage levels up to: | | | 5.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
|
| use level in formulae for use in cosmetics: | | | 0.0200 %
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| Dermal Systemic Exposure in Cosmetic Products: | | | 0.0005 mg/kg/day
|
| |
| Recommendation for geranium cyclohexane flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
|
Safety References:
References:
| | 2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylcyclohexan-1-ol |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Pubchem (cid): | 556998 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 135251241 |
| | (1R,2S,5R)-5-methyl-2-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexan-1-ol |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Pubchem (cid): | 170833 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 748355 |
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
| |
| For Odor |
| aldehydic |
| 3- | methyl-4-hexyl oxybutyraldehyde | FR |
| alliaceous |
| | dibutyl sulfide | FL/FR |
| amber |
| | angelica root oil | FL/FR |
| anise |
| sweet | fennel seed oil | FL/FR |
| anisic |
| | ocimum basilicum herb oil | FL/FR |
| | ocimum basilicum leaf oil america | FL/FR |
| | ocimum basilicum leaf oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| aromatic |
| | damascone carboxylate | FR |
| balsamic |
| | cinnamyl formate | FL/FR |
| citrus |
| | bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy | FL/FR |
| (R)- | citronellyl nitrile | FR |
| | citronitrile (Symrise) | FR |
| 2- | heptanol | FL/FR |
| | myrcenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| fatty |
| | butyl undecylenate | FL/FR |
| (E,Z)-2,6- | dodecadienal | FL/FR |
| fermented |
| | methyl decanoate | FL/FR |
| floral |
| | acetal 318 | FR |
| iso | amyl angelate | FL/FR |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| iso | amyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | blue lagoon fragrance | FR |
| | cassis buteneone | FR |
| | citronellal diisotridecyl acetal | FR |
| laevo- | citronellol | FL/FR |
| | citronellol | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (S)- | citronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl propionate | FL/FR |
| (E)- | citronellyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| 3- | cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, methyl ester | FR |
| | cymbopogon validus leaf oil | FR |
| beta- | damascenone | FL/FR |
| delta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| | dihydrojasmone | FL/FR |
| | dihydrorose oxide | FR |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl octanol | FL/FR |
| 3,6- | dimethyl-3-octyl acetate | FR |
| | ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl linalyl acetate | FR |
| | ethyl ortho-anisate | FL/FR |
| | eucalyptus macarthurii oil | FR |
| | floral pyran | FR |
| | geraniol | FL/FR |
| | geranium nitrile | FR |
| | geranium oil egypt | FL/FR |
| | geranium oil egypt fractions | FR |
| | geranyl acetone | FL/FR |
| | geranyl anthranilate | FR |
| | geranyl formate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl valerate | FL/FR |
| | hibiscus fragrance | FR |
| | ionone mixed isomers | FL/FR |
| | jasmin cyclopentanone | FR |
| iso | jasmone | FL/FR |
| | jasmopyrane (Givaudan) | FR |
| | linalyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | magnolia flower oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| | magnolia specialty | FR |
| | menthadienyl formate | FR |
| ortho- | methoxybenzyl ethyl ether | FR |
| | methoxymelonal | FL/FR |
| 1-(2- | methyl allyl oxy)-3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butane | FR |
| para- | methyl benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | methyl benzyl acetate (mixed ortho-,meta-,para-) | FL/FR |
| | methyl citronellate | FL/FR |
| alpha-iso | methyl ionone (90% min.) | FL/FR |
| | methyl ionyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | muguet carbinol | FL/FR |
| | musk acetate | FR |
| | myrcenol | FL/FR |
| pink | nelumbo nucifera flower absolute | FR |
| white | nelumbo nucifera flower absolute | FR |
| white | nelumbo nucifera flower concrete | FR |
| | neryl acetate | FL/FR |
| | neryl formate | FL/FR |
| 3- | nonanon-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| | orris rhizome concrete butter (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| | osmanthus absolute replacer | FR |
| | osmanthus concrete | FL/FR |
| | petitgrain mandarin oil | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl propionate | FL/FR |
| 2- | phenethyl valerate | FL/FR |
| 1- | phenyl propyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| 2- | phenyl propyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| 4- | phenyl-3-buten-2-ol | FL/FR |
| iso | propyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinol | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) morocco | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute pentanol | FR |
| | rose butanoate | FL/FR |
| | rose geranium fragrance | FR |
| | rose oil (rosa centifolia) egypt | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) iran | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) turkey | FL/FR |
| | rose undecene | FR |
| | souroubea specialty | FR |
| | star fruit oil cuba | FL/FR |
| | styralyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | terpinyl formate | FL/FR |
| | terpinyl valerate | FL/FR |
| | tetrahydroionyl acetate | FR |
| fresh |
| 10- | undecen-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| | allyl benzoate | FR |
| | allyl isononylate | FR |
| | apricot essence | FL/FR |
| | benzaldehyde / methyl anthranilate schiff's base | FR |
| | benzyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl valerate | FL/FR |
| | berry hexanoate | FR |
| | butyl 2-naphthyl ether | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl furyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| (Z)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| (E)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| (R)-gamma- | dodecalactone | FL/FR |
| | eriocephalus punctulatus flower oil | FR |
| (E)- | ethyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| (E,Z)-6- | ethyl-5,7-dimethyl-2,5-octadien-4-one | FR |
| | geranyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | ginsene | FR |
| | linalool oxide acetates | FL/FR |
| 3- | mercaptohexyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | methyl bicycloheptenyl methyloxirane carboxylate | FR |
| | methyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| (E)-7- | methyl-3-octen-2-one | FL/FR |
| (±)-3- | methyl-gamma-decalactone | FL/FR |
| | myrascone | FR |
| 2- | nonanone propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| alpha- | ocimene | FL/FR |
| | octyl formate | FL/FR |
| | peach nitrile | FR |
| | phenoxyethyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | plum damascone (high alpha) | FR |
| (E,E)- | pomarose | FR |
| | sambucus canadensis fruit absolute | FL/FR |
| | strawberry glycidate 1 (aldehyde C-16 (so-called)) | FL/FR |
| (R)- | styralyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | thesaron (Takasago) | FR |
| 4-(para- | tolyl)-2-butanone | FL/FR |
| cis- | woody acetate | FR |
| green |
| iso | amyl 3-(2-furan) propionate | FL/FR |
| 3,7- | dimethyl-6-octenoic acid | FL/FR |
| | hexyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | sorbyl acetate | |
| 1-[(3aS,7aR)-3a,4,7,7a- | tetrahydro-1H-inden-6-yl]ethanone | FR |
| herbal |
| | anthemis nobilis flower extract | FL/FR |
| | anthemis nobilis flower oil roman | FL/FR |
| sweet | basil absolute | FL/FR |
| (S)- | campholene acetate | FL/FR |
| | chamomile isobutyrate | FR |
| | chamomile propionate | FR |
| 1,4- | cineole | FL/FR |
| | clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| | geranyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | hyssop oil | FL/FR |
| | linalyl formate | FL/FR |
| | linalyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | methyl cyclogeranate (Firmenich) | FR |
| curled | parsley seed oil | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa centifolia) morocco | FL/FR |
| | rosmarinus officinalis extract | FL/FR |
| | rosmarinus officinalis tincture | FL/FR |
| | salvia sclarea oil | FL/FR |
| | tagete oil madagascar | FL/FR |
| | terpineol acetate | FL/FR |
| honey |
| | butyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| medicinal |
| ortho- | cresyl acetate | FL/FR |
| minty |
| (-)- | menthone | FL/FR |
| mossy |
| | oakmoss absolute | FL/FR |
| powdery |
| | dibenzyl ketone | FL/FR |
| alpha- | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (74-80%) | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | cuminaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | spicy acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| tropical |
| | triflaige A (ZEON) | FR |
| waxy |
| | dihydrocitronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl nonanoate | FL/FR |
| (E)- | methyl geranate | FL/FR |
| | phytyl acetate | FL/FR |
| winey |
| | butyl angelate | FL/FR |
| woody |
| 2- | decalinyl acetate | FR |
| | melozol acetate | FR |
| | rhubarb oxirane | FR |
| | santalyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| |
| For Flavor |
| |
| No flavor group found for these |
| iso | amyl angelate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl valerate | FL/FR |
| | butyl 2-naphthyl ether | FL/FR |
| | butyl angelate | FL/FR |
| ortho- | cresyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | dihydrocitronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (R)-gamma- | dodecalactone | FL/FR |
| | ethyl ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl ortho-anisate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl valerate | FL/FR |
| | ionone mixed isomers | FL/FR |
| | linalool oxide acetates | FL/FR |
| | linalyl formate | FL/FR |
| | magnolia flower oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| | methyl benzyl acetate (mixed ortho-,meta-,para-) | FL/FR |
| (E)- | methyl geranate | FL/FR |
| | myrcenol | FL/FR |
| 2- | nonanone propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| alpha- | ocimene | FL/FR |
| 2- | phenethyl valerate | FL/FR |
| 1- | phenyl propyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| 2- | phenyl propyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| iso | propyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| | santalyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| (R)- | styralyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | terpineol acetate | FL/FR |
|
| iso | amyl 3-(2-furan) propionate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| iso | butyl furyl propionate | FL/FR |
| beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| anise |
| sweet | fennel seed oil | FL/FR |
| bitter |
| | dibenzyl ketone | FL/FR |
| citrus |
| | bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy | FL/FR |
| | myrcenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | petitgrain mandarin oil | FL/FR |
| | styralyl propionate | FL/FR |
| cooling |
| 1,4- | cineole | FL/FR |
| ethereal |
| | methyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| fatty |
| | dimethyl octanol | FL/FR |
| | methyl decanoate | FL/FR |
| (E)-7- | methyl-3-octen-2-one | FL/FR |
| floral |
| laevo- | citronellol | FL/FR |
| | citronellol | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| (S)- | citronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | dihydrojasmone | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| 3,7- | dimethyl-6-octenoic acid | FL/FR |
| | geraniol | FL/FR |
| | geranium oil egypt | FL/FR |
| | geranyl acetone | FL/FR |
| | geranyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | linalyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | methyl citronellate | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (74-80%) | FL/FR |
| alpha-iso | methyl ionone (90% min.) | FL/FR |
| | muguet carbinol | FL/FR |
| | neryl acetate | FL/FR |
| | orris rhizome concrete butter (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinol | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) | FL/FR |
| | rose absolute (rosa centifolia) morocco | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa centifolia) egypt | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) iran | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa damascena) turkey | FL/FR |
| | apricot essence | FL/FR |
| | benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | citronellyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| (E)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| (Z)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| | ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| (E)- | ethyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| 2- | heptanol | FL/FR |
| | hexyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | linalyl octanoate | FL/FR |
| | methoxymelonal | FL/FR |
| para- | methyl benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| alpha- | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
| | neryl formate | FL/FR |
| 3- | nonanon-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| | osmanthus concrete | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl propionate | FL/FR |
| | rose butanoate | FL/FR |
| | sambucus canadensis fruit absolute | FL/FR |
| | star fruit oil cuba | FL/FR |
| | strawberry glycidate 1 (aldehyde C-16 (so-called)) | FL/FR |
| | tagete oil madagascar | FL/FR |
| | terpinyl formate | FL/FR |
| | terpinyl valerate | FL/FR |
| 4-(para- | tolyl)-2-butanone | FL/FR |
| greasy |
| 10- | undecen-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| green |
| iso | amyl salicylate | FL/FR |
| | angelica root oil | FL/FR |
| (E)- | citronellyl tiglate | FL/FR |
| | dibutyl sulfide | FL/FR |
| (E,Z)-2,6- | dodecadienal | FL/FR |
| | geranyl formate | FL/FR |
| iso | jasmone | FL/FR |
| | oakmoss absolute | FL/FR |
| | octyl formate | FL/FR |
| (E,E)- | sorbyl acetate | |
| herbal |
| | anthemis nobilis flower extract | FL/FR |
| | anthemis nobilis flower oil roman | FL/FR |
| sweet | basil absolute | FL/FR |
| | clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| | hyssop oil | FL/FR |
| | ocimum basilicum herb oil | FL/FR |
| | ocimum basilicum leaf oil america | FL/FR |
| | ocimum basilicum leaf oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| curled | parsley seed oil | FL/FR |
| | rose oil (rosa centifolia) morocco | FL/FR |
| | rosmarinus officinalis extract | FL/FR |
| | rosmarinus officinalis tincture | FL/FR |
| | salvia sclarea oil | FL/FR |
| honey |
| | butyl phenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| jammy |
| (S)- | campholene acetate | FL/FR |
| minty |
| (-)- | menthone | FL/FR |
| nutty |
| | phytyl acetate | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| | cinnamyl formate | FL/FR |
| | cuminaldehyde | FL/FR |
| | spicy acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| tropical |
| alpha- | amyl cinnamaldehyde | FL/FR |
| 3- | mercaptohexyl acetate | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| | butyl undecylenate | FL/FR |
| | ethyl nonanoate | FL/FR |
| | geranyl propionate | FL/FR |
| (±)-3- | methyl-gamma-decalactone | FL/FR |
| | phenoxyethyl propionate | FL/FR |
| 4- | phenyl-3-buten-2-ol | FL/FR |
| beta- | damascenone | FL/FR |
| delta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| | methyl ionyl acetate | FL/FR |
| |
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | cyclohexanemethanol, 2-hydroxy-a,a,4-trimethyl- (mixture) | | | cyclohexanol, 2-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-5-methyl- (mixture) | | | geranium cyclohexane | | | geranodyle (Givaudan) | | 2-(1- | hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol (mixture) | | 1- | hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl cyclohexane reaction mixture | | 2- | hydroxy-a,a,4-trimethylcyclohexane methanol (mixture) | | 2- | hydroxy-alpha,alpha,4-trimethyl cyclohexane methanol | | 2-(2- | hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylcyclohexan-1-ol (mixture) | | 2-(2- | hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylcyclohexanol (mixture) | | p- | menthan-3,8-diol (mixture) | | p- | menthane-3,8-diol (mixture) | | (±)-(1alpha,2beta,5alpha)-5- | methyl-2-(1-methyl vinyl) cyclohexan-1-ol (mixture) | | | reaction mixture containing 1-hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl cyclohexane |
Articles:
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