|
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | colorless to yellow clear oily liquid (est) |
| Assay: | 98.00 to 100.00 % sum of isomers
|
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Specific Gravity: | 0.92500 to 0.93500 @ 25.00 °C.
|
| Pounds per Gallon - (est).: | 7.697 to 7.780
|
| Refractive Index: | 1.49650 to 1.50400 @ 20.00 °C.
|
| Boiling Point: | 76.00 °C. @ 0.30 mm Hg
|
| Boiling Point: | 231.00 to 232.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
|
| Acid Value: | 1.00 max. KOH/g
|
| Vapor Pressure: | 0.006000 mmHg @ 20.00 °C. |
| Vapor Density: | 7.0 ( Air = 1 ) |
| Flash Point: | > 212.00 °F. TCC ( > 100.00 °C. )
|
| logP (o/w): | 4.315 |
| Shelf Life: | 36.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
| Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol | | | dipropylene glycol | | | paraffin oil | | | water, 2.98 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
| Stability: |
| | acid cleaner | | | alcoholic lotion | | | deo stick | | | detergent perborate | | | fabric softener | | | hair spray | | | hard surface cleaner | | | liquid detergent | | | non-discoloring in most media | | | shampoo | | | soap |
Organoleptic Properties:
| |
| Odor Type: floral |
| |
| Odor Strength: | medium , recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less |
| |
| Substantivity: | 124 hour(s) at 100.00 % |
| |
| | violet sweet orris powdery floral woody |
Odor Description: at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. | violet sweet orris powdery floral woody Luebke, William tgsc, (1985) |
| |
| |
| Flavor Type: floral |
| |
| | floral violet powdery dry tea herbal berry woody |
Taste Description:
| floral violet powdery dry tea herbal berry woody Luebke, William tgsc, (1985) |
| |
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
| |
| IFF |
| Meth Ionone Gamma A Tocopherol |
| Odor Description: | Woody, Floral, Violet Woody, tobacco, floral (orris and violet). Powdery tone. Great strength as both top and body notes. Excellent performance to cost ratio. |
| |
| Taytonn ASCC |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma A |
| Odor Description: | Floral, Powder/ Powdery, Tobacco, Woody |
| |
| Pell Wall Perfumes |
| Methyl ionone iso super |
| Odor Description: | floral-violet, fruity, powdery, woody, tea-like It is extremely versatile in character, and effects ranging from sweet floral to tobacco-like or woody are obtainable with various grades of subject material. The most refined grades, which are quite expensive, often show a very attractive ‘creamy’ top-note and a most uniform, powdery-sweet dryout performance. This type of Methylionone can support floral notes in Ylang-Ylang as well as woody notes in Vetiver, or leathery notes in Salicylates, etc.
Certain types of perfume contain up to 25% or more of this material. Many soap perfumes are based upon a large volume of common-grade Methylonone with the subject isomer as pre-dominant component.”
Calkin & Jellinek talk about Methyl Ionone: “Methyl ionone is one of the most versatile materials used in perfumery. Although it occurs in a number of different isomeric forms … the qualities most widely used today are either the gamma (iso-alpha) form or a mixture of isomers in which this predominates. In odor it lies somewhere between floral, woody, and iris, working in a perfume as a bridge between the middle and base notes. It blends with almost every type of material, taking its place as a structural component in many of the great perfume families.” |
| |
| IFF |
| Meth Ionone Gamma Coeur |
| Odor Description: | Woody, tobacco, floral (orris and violet). Powdery tone |
| |
| |
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
| Allan Chemical |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma
|
| Augustus Oils |
| Methyl Ionone
|
| Services |
| Azelis UK |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA
|
| Berjé |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma
|
| Media |
| ECSA Chemicals |
| GAMMAMETHYLIONON
|
| ECSA TRADE THE MOST UPDATED FINANCIAL PUBLICATION ON THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY |
| ECSA Chemicals |
| METHYL IONONE 70
|
| Ernesto Ventós |
| METHYLIONONE GAMMA
|
| Fleurchem |
| ionone, gamma methyl
|
| Foreverest Resources |
| Isomethyl Ionone
|
| Global Essence |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma
|
| IFF |
| Meth Ionone Gamma A Tocopherol
Odor: Woody, Floral, Violet Use: Woody, tobacco, floral (orris and violet). Powdery tone. Great strength as both top and body notes. Excellent performance to cost ratio. |
| IFF |
| Meth Ionone Gamma Coeur
Odor: Woody, tobacco, floral (orris and violet). Powdery tone |
| IFF |
| Meth Ionone Gamma Pure
|
| Jiangyin Healthway |
| a- Isomethyl ionone
|
| New functional food ingredients |
| K.L. Koh Enterprise |
| GAMMA METHYL IONONE
|
| Kun Shan P&A |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma A
|
| Kun Shan P&A |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma Coeur
|
| Lluch Essence |
| GAMMA-METHYL IONONE COEUR
|
| M&U International |
| Gamma-Methyl Ionone
|
| M&U International |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma Coeur
|
| M&U International |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma
|
| Miltitz Aromatics |
| METHYLIONONE GAMMA 90D
min. 85 % Odor: Fine violet character Use: Extremely versatile, may be used as modifier, supporter and blender for floral, woody and leather notes. |
| Miltitz Aromatics |
| METHYLIONONE GAMMA D
min. 60 – 70 % Odor: Mild flowery, woody violet note, somewhat orris-like and dry Use: METHYLIONONE GAMMA D is widely used in floral, woody and oriental compositions for imparting volume and substantivity. Main uses are in household and cosmetic products as well as in fine fragrances. |
| Moellhausen |
| VIOLETONE COEUR
|
| OQEMA |
| Methyl Ionone Pure
|
| Pell Wall Perfumes |
| Methyl ionone iso super
Odor: floral-violet, fruity, powdery, woody, tea-like Use: It is extremely versatile in character, and effects ranging from sweet floral to tobacco-like or woody are obtainable with various grades of subject material. The most refined grades, which are quite expensive, often show a very attractive ‘creamy’ top-note and a most uniform, powdery-sweet dryout performance. This type of Methylionone can support floral notes in Ylang-Ylang as well as woody notes in Vetiver, or leathery notes in Salicylates, etc.
Certain types of perfume contain up to 25% or more of this material. Many soap perfumes are based upon a large volume of common-grade Methylonone with the subject isomer as pre-dominant component.”
Calkin & Jellinek talk about Methyl Ionone: “Methyl ionone is one of the most versatile materials used in perfumery. Although it occurs in a number of different isomeric forms … the qualities most widely used today are either the gamma (iso-alpha) form or a mixture of isomers in which this predominates. In odor it lies somewhere between floral, woody, and iris, working in a perfume as a bridge between the middle and base notes. It blends with almost every type of material, taking its place as a structural component in many of the great perfume families.” |
| Penta International |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA REGULAR
|
| Penta International |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA EXTRA
|
| Perfumery Laboratory |
| METHYL IONON GAMMA IFF (METHYL IONONE GAMMA PURE IFF)
Odor: Soft sweet, iris, powdery, floral |
| Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils |
| Gamma-Methyl Ionone
|
| Privi Organics |
| Violetone Coeur
|
| R C Treatt & Co Ltd |
| Alpha-isoMethyl Ionone
|
| SRS Aromatics |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA (FG)
|
| SRS Aromatics |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA 90 D
|
| SRS Aromatics |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA D
|
| SRS Aromatics |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA
|
| Taytonn ASCC |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma A
Odor: Floral, Powder/ Powdery, Tobacco, Woody |
| The Good Scents Company |
| alpha-isomethyl ionone (50% min.)
Odor: violet sweet orris powdery floral woody |
| The John D. Walsh Company |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma 70
|
| The John D. Walsh Company |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma Coeur
|
| The John D. Walsh Company |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma Extra
|
| The John D. Walsh Company |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma Pure
|
| The John D. Walsh Company |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma
|
| The Lermond Company |
| METHYL IONONE GAMMA 70
|
| Zanos |
| Gamma Methyl Ionone
|
| Zanos |
| Methyl Ionone Gamma 70
|
Safety Information:
| European information : |
| Most important hazard(s): | | Xi N - Irritant, Dangerous for the environment. |
R 38 - Irritating to skin. R 43 - May cause sensitisation by skin contact. R 51/53 - Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 37 - Wear suitable gloves.
|
| |
| Hazards identification |
| |
| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
Skin sensitisation (Category 1), H317
|
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
| |
| Pictogram |  |
| |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statement(s) |
H317 - May cause an allergic skin reaction
|
| Precautionary statement(s) |
P261 - Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P272 - Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. P280 - Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P302 + P352 - IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. P333 + P313 - IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P363 - Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. P501 - Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
|
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
|
| Dermal Toxicity: |
skin-rabbit LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
|
| Inhalation Toxicity: |
|
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
| IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
| IFRA Critical Effect: | Dermal sensitization |
| IFRA Other Specification: | <= 2% Pseudomethylionone |
| IFRA: | View Standard |
| View IFRA Standards Library for complete information. |
| Please review Amendment 49 IFRA documentation for complete information. |
| IFRA RESTRICTION LIMITS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT (%): |
| Category 1: Products applied to the lips |
| 5.40 % |
| Category 2: Products applied to the axillae |
| 1.60 % |
| Category 3: Products applied to the face/body using fingertips |
| 32.00 % |
| Category 4: Products related to fine fragrance |
| 30.00 % |
| | Category 5: Products applied to the face and body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on |
| Category 5A: Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on |
| 7.60 % |
| Category 5B: Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on |
| 7.60 % |
| Category 5C: Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on |
| 7.60 % |
| Category 5D: Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc |
| 7.60 % |
| Category 6: Products with oral and lip exposure |
| 18.00 % |
| | Category 7: Products applied to the hair with some hand contact |
| Category 7A: Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact |
| 61.00 % |
| Category 7B: Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact |
| 61.00 % |
| Category 8: Products with significant anogenital exposure |
| 3.20 % |
| Category 9: Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off |
| 59.00 % |
| | Category 10: Household care products with mostly hand contact |
| Category 10A: Household care excluding aerosol products (excluding aerosol/spray products) |
| 100.00 % |
| Category 10B: Household aerosol/spray products |
| 100.00 % |
| | Category 11: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate |
| Category 11A: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure |
| 100.00 % |
| Category 11B: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure |
| 100.00 % |
| Category 12: Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin |
| No Restriction |
| | Notes: |
| IFRA FLAVOR REQUIREMENTS: |
Due to the possible ingestion of small amounts of fragrance ingredients from their use in products in Categories 1 and 6, materials must not only comply with IFRA Standards but must also be recognized as safe as a flavoring ingredient as defined by the IOFI Code of Practice (www.iofi.org). For more details see chapter 1 of the Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards. |
| |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 4.70 (μg/capita/day) |
| Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 1.00 (μg/capita/day) |
| Structure Class: | I |
| Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
| The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
| publication number: 3 |
| Click here to view publication 3 |
| | average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
| baked goods: | - | 4.30000 |
| beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 0.97000 |
| beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
| breakfast cereal: | - | - |
| cheese: | - | - |
| chewing gum: | - | 0.80000 |
| condiments / relishes: | - | - |
| confectionery froastings: | - | - |
| egg products: | - | - |
| fats / oils: | - | - |
| fish products: | - | - |
| frozen dairy: | - | 0.98000 |
| fruit ices: | - | 0.98000 |
| gelatins / puddings: | - | 0.05000 |
| granulated sugar: | - | - |
| gravies: | - | - |
| hard candy: | - | 4.90000 |
| imitation dairy: | - | - |
| instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
| jams / jellies: | - | - |
| meat products: | - | - |
| milk products: | - | - |
| nut products: | - | - |
| other grains: | - | - |
| poultry: | - | - |
| processed fruits: | - | - |
| processed vegetables: | - | - |
| reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
| seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
| snack foods: | - | - |
| soft candy: | - | - |
| soups: | - | - |
| sugar substitutes: | - | - |
| sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
| |
| For Odor |
| No odor group found for these |
| alpha- | acorenol | |
| 1-(2-tert- | butyl cyclohexyl)-4-(piperidine-1-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-2-one | |
|
| | amchoor powder | |
| amber |
| | amber powdery floral fragrance | FR |
| | cistus ladaniferus resinoid | FL/FR |
| animal |
| | animal carbolactone | FR |
| | costus valerolactone | FR |
| balsamic |
| | benzyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | copaiba balsam oil | FL/FR |
| | ethyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | opoponax oil (balsamodendron kafal) | FL/FR |
| floral |
| | cassie absolute | FL/FR |
| | dihydrojasmone | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | heliotropyl acetone | FL/FR |
| | hydroxycitronellal | FL/FR |
| beta- | ionol | FL/FR |
| alpha- | ionone | FL/FR |
| (E)-beta- | ionone | FL/FR |
| | ionone mixed isomers | FL/FR |
| | iris specialty | FR |
| N- | methyl ionone | FR |
| alpha-iso | methyl ionone (90% min.) | FL/FR |
| | mimosa absolute france | FL/FR |
| | mimosa absolute replacer | FR |
| | nerolidol | FL/FR |
| | orris butenone | FR |
| | orris rhizome absolute (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| | orris rhizome concrete butter (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| | orris rhizome resinoid (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| | papaya isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| | petitgrain mandarin oil terpeneless | FL/FR |
| beta- | phenethyl angelate | |
| | phenethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| | acetyl methyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| beta- | ionone epoxide | FL/FR |
| | tropical ionone | FL/FR |
| green |
| | hexyl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| 1- | methoxy-2,7-octadiene | |
| herbal |
| | acorus calamus root oil | FR |
| | clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| 2- | cyclohexyl cyclohexanone | FR |
| | daucus carota fruit oil | FL/FR |
| | ilex paraguariensis leaf solid extract | FL/FR |
| | rosemary oil spain | FL/FR |
| melon |
| | watermelon ketone | FR |
| musk |
| | musk amberol | FR |
| | musk indane | FR |
| | musk indanone | FR |
| | musk tetralin | FL/FR |
| 6,7,8,9- | tetrahydro-7,7,8,9,9-pentamethyl-5H-cyclopenta[H]quinazoline | FR |
| orris |
| 2(1)- | orris butanal | FL/FR |
| powdery |
| | dimethyl ionone | FR |
| alpha- | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (44-50%) | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (50-60%) | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (74-80%) | FL/FR |
| spicy |
| | allspice berry oil | FL/FR |
| para- | anisyl formate | FL/FR |
| | elettaria cardamomum seed oil | FL/FR |
| iso | eugenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | origanum majorana oil | FL/FR |
| | turmeric root oil china | FL/FR |
| terpenic |
| | frankincense oil | FL/FR |
| | juniperus communis fruit oil | FL/FR |
| tropical |
| | genet absolute | FL/FR |
| | patchwood | FR |
| vanilla |
| | heliotropyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| | ethyl myristate | FL/FR |
| woody |
| cis-3-tert- | butyl cyclohexyl acetate | |
| | cedarwood oil virginia | FR |
| | cedrela wood oil | FR |
| iso | longifolene epoxide | FR |
| | methyl cedryl ketone | FL/FR |
| | sandal pentenone | FR |
| | sandalwood oil | FL/FR |
| 4,6,11- | trimethyl-5-oxatricyclo(6.2.2.0*4,9*)dodec-6-ene | FR |
| |
| For Flavor |
| |
| No flavor group found for these |
| alpha- | acorenol | |
| cis-3-tert- | butyl cyclohexyl acetate | |
| | cistus ladaniferus resinoid | FL/FR |
| | elecampane root absolute | FL |
| | heliotropyl alcohol | FL/FR |
| beta- | ionone epoxide | FL/FR |
| | ionone mixed isomers | FL/FR |
| 1- | methoxy-2,7-octadiene | |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (44-50%) | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (50-60%) | FL/FR |
| 2(1)- | orris butanal | FL/FR |
| beta- | phenethyl angelate | |
|
| | amchoor powder | |
| amber |
| | musk tetralin | FL/FR |
| balsamic |
| | copaiba balsam oil | FL/FR |
| | ethyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | opoponax oil (balsamodendron kafal) | FL/FR |
| berry |
| | heliotropyl acetone | FL/FR |
| bitter |
| 1-(2-tert- | butyl cyclohexyl)-4-(piperidine-1-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-2-one | |
| coconut |
| 6- | methyl coumarin | FL |
| floral |
| | dihydrojasmone | FL/FR |
| beta- | ionol | FL/FR |
| alpha- | ionone | FL/FR |
| (E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (74-80%) | FL/FR |
| alpha-iso | methyl ionone (90% min.) | FL/FR |
| | orris rhizome concrete butter (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| | orris rhizome resinoid (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| | phenethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | rhodinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | tropical ionone | FL/FR |
| fruity |
| | acetyl methyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| | dimethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| alpha- | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
| | petitgrain mandarin oil terpeneless | FL/FR |
| green |
| | hexyl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| | nerolidol | FL/FR |
| | papaya isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| hay |
| | genet absolute | FL/FR |
| herbal |
| | clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| | daucus carota fruit oil | FL/FR |
| | ilex paraguariensis leaf solid extract | FL/FR |
| | marrubium vulgare extract | FL |
| | origanum majorana oil | FL/FR |
| | rosemary oil spain | FL/FR |
| orris |
| | costus root oil | FL |
| spicy |
| | allspice berry oil | FL/FR |
| para- | anisyl formate | FL/FR |
| | benzyl cinnamate | FL/FR |
| | cassie absolute | FL/FR |
| | elettaria cardamomum seed oil | FL/FR |
| iso | eugenyl acetate | FL/FR |
| | turmeric root oil china | FL/FR |
| sweet |
| | orris rhizome absolute (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| terpenic |
| | juniperus communis fruit oil | FL/FR |
| waxy |
| | ethyl myristate | FL/FR |
| | hydroxycitronellal | FL/FR |
| | mimosa absolute france | FL/FR |
| woody |
| | frankincense oil | FL/FR |
| (E)-beta- | ionone | FL/FR |
| | methyl cedryl ketone | FL/FR |
| | sandalwood oil | FL/FR |
| |
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| 3- | buten-2-one, 3-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-, (3E)- | | | gammanolene | | | iraldeine gamma (Givaudan) | | iso | iraldeine pure (Givaudan) | | | irisantheme (Givaudan) | | | meth ionone gamma A tocopherol (IFF) | | | meth ionone gamma coeur (IFF) | | | meth ionone gamma pure (IFF) | | alpha-iso | methyl ionone | | iso-alpha- | methyl ionone | | gamma- | methyl ionone (so called) | | | methyl ionone gamma | | | methyl ionone gamma A (IFF) | | | methyl ionone gamma coeur (IFF) | | | methyl ionone gamma extra | | | methyl ionone gamma pure | | | methyl ionone gamma regular | | | methyl ionone gamma supreme | | | methyl ionone gamma suprime | | (E)-3- | methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-2-enyl)but-3-en-2-one (50% min.) | | (3E)-3- | methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one | | 3- | methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one | | (E)-3- | methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-enyl)-but-3-en-2-one | | (3E)-3- | methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one | | (3E)-3- | methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)but-3-en-2-one | | alpha-iso | methylionone (50% min.) | | | methylionone gamma D | | | methylyl ionone gamma pure | | | raldeine gamma | | 4,2,6,6- | trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl-3-methyl-3-buten-2-one |
Articles:
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