safrole
benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)-
 
Notes:
constituent of several essential oils, notably sassafras. it has been used as a topical antiseptic and it is carcinogenic to the liver so it is no longer used as a flavoring agent in foods. Occurs in nutmeg. Banned by FDA for use in food. Formerly used as a food flavour It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide and the recreational drug MDMA ("Ecstacy."); Safrole is a natural plant constituent, found in oil of sassafras and certain other essential oils. It is a member of the methylenedioxybenzene group of compounds, many of which (e.g. piperonyl butoxide) are extensively used as insecticide synergists. A major source of human exposure to safrole is through consumption of spices, such as nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper, in which safrole is a constituent. Safrole is also present in root beer, and has been used as an additive in chewing gum, toothpaste, soaps and certain pharmaceutical preparations. Safrole is a weak hepatocarcinogen and it is a matter of considerable interest whether the ally1 moiety or the methylenedioxy group, or both, are involved in the mechanism of its carcinogenesis. Safrole is extensively metabolized, giving rise to a large number of metabolites. Metabolism involves essentially two major routes, oxidation of the ally1 side chain, and oxidation of the methylenedioxy group with subsequent cleavage to form the catechol. Safrole undergoes oxidation of the allylic group to yield the 2, 3-epoxide (safrole epoxide). The dihydrodiol is one of the metabolites of safrole, and presumably arises from the hydration of the 2, 3-epoxide. The principal route of metabolism of safrole is through cleavage of the methylenedioxy group, the major metabolites being allylcatechol and its isomer, propenylcatechol. Eugenol and its isomer I-methoxy- 2-hydroxy-4-allylbenzene have been detected as minor metabolites in the rat, mouse and man. (PMID: 6719936); Safrole, also known as shikimol, is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. It is typically extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of sassafras plants in the form of sassafras oil, or synthesized from other related methylenedioxy compounds. It is the principal component of brown camphor oil, and is found in small amounts in a wide variety of plants, where it functions as a natural pesticide. The Ocotea cymbarum[verification needed] oil made of the Ocotea pretiosa[verification needed], a plant growing in Brazil, and sassafras oil made of Sassafras albidum, a tree growing in eastern North America, are the main natural sources for safrole. It has a characteristic "candy-shop" aroma.
  • Berjé
    • Berje Inc.
      Where the world comes to its senses
      Where the world comes to its senses - Berjé is a global distributor of Essential Oils and Aromatic Chemicals.
      Berjé is a family-owned business that has been in operation for six decades. The company's origins and strength lie in a profound understanding of the supply and the quality of the diverse raw materials consumed by the flavor and fragrance industries. This base was expanded upon more than two decades ago to include fragrance production. The company's unparalleled raw material expertise is focused on the supply of essential oils and aromatic chemicals. This is supported by our long-standing relationships with a worldwide fabric of producers ensuring the greatest prospects for uninterrupted supply in markets that are often volatile and unpredictable.
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      Product(s):
      Safrole
       
  • BOC Sciences
    • BOC Sciences
      Best of Chemicals Supplier
      Quality supplier of research chemicals and biochemicals including inhibitors, building blocks, GMP Products, impurities and metabolites, APIs for Veterinary, Natural Compounds, ADCs, Stem Cell Molecule and chiral compounds.
      BOC Sciences provides a wide range of services to support the pharmaceutical industry through all stages of drug discovery including Custom Synthesis of those chemicals that are not in stock, Isotope Labeling Service, Chiral Synthesis and Resolution, Bioconjugation, PEGylation services, analytical services.
      BOC Sciences is a brand of BOCSCI Inc. We leverage our wide spectrum of business in the fields of development, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution to help you make best-informed decisions tailored to your evolving needs for premium chemicals. Our complete suite of CRO services spans the entire molecule development pipeline including contract research for target identification, building blocks, compound synthesis, biochemical and cellular analysis, preclinical animal tests, and clinical studies.
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      Product(s):
      94-59-7 Safrole
       
  • Fleurchem
    • Fleurchem, Inc.
      Have A Flavorful Day
      A leading global manufacturer and supplier of ingredients for Flavors, Fragrances, AromaTherapy, Foods, Beverages, Personal Care Products, and other uses.
      Operating out of the 200,000 sq. ft., former Hercules/PFW facility in Middletown, NY; Fleurchem produces a full range of natural isolates, synthetic chemicals & specialities, essential oils and flavors. Additionally, the company performs toll manufacturing, as well as custom chemical synthesis for a wide range of clients.
      Email: Information
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      Product(s):
      safrole
       
  • Penta International
    • Penta International Corporation
      Chemistry innovation
      At Penta, our products and services help businesses do business better.
      For over 30 years, Penta Manufacturing Company has played a growing role in worldwide chemistry innovations and applications. As an industry leader, Penta continues to pioneer chemistry-based solutions for practically every area of commerce. Our products and expertise have helped fuel technical advances in dozens of commercial applications including flavoring, coloring, fragrances and chemical processes.
      US Email: Technical Services
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      Product(s):
      19-03900 SAFROLE
       
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search
CAS Number: 94-59-7Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 202-345-4
FDA UNII: RSB34337V9
Nikkaji Web: J3.946B
MDL: MFCD00005841
XlogP3: 3.00 (est)
Molecular Weight: 162.18810000
Formula: C10 H10 O2
BioActivity Summary: listing
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
Category: natural substances and extractives
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar: Search
Google Books: Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Perfumer and Flavorist: Search
Google Patents: Search
US Patents: Search
EU Patents: Search
Pubchem Patents: Search
PubMed: Search
NCBI: Search
JECFA Food Flavoring: 1792  safrole
FDA Mainterm (SATF):94-59-7 ; SAFROLE--PROHIBITED
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 189 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN HUMAN FOOD
Subpart C--Substances Generally Prohibited From Direct Addition or Use as Human Food
Sec. 189.180 Safrole.
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Physical Properties:
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 98.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.07000 to 1.10000 @  25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 8.903 to  9.153
Refractive Index: 1.52700 to 1.53800 @  20.00 °C.
Melting Point: 10.50 to  11.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 232.00 to  234.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 143.00 to  144.00 °C. @ 50.00 mm Hg
Congealing Point: 10.30 °C.
Vapor Pressure: 0.087000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 208.00 °F. TCC ( 97.78 °C. )
logP (o/w): 3.098 (est)
Soluble in:
 alcohol
 water, 75.98 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in:
 water
Stability:
 non-discoloring in most media
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor Type: spicy
 
Odor Strength: medium ,
recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less
 
Substantivity: 44 hour(s) at 100.00 %
 
 sweet  warm  spicy  woody  floral  sassafrass  anise  
Odor Description:
at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. 
sweet warm spicy woody floral sassafrass anise
Luebke, William tgsc, (1982)
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
CosIng: cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: not used anymore
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Suppliers:
Alfa Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Safrole 98%
Berjé
Safrole
Media
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
Safrole
Fleurchem
safrole
Penta International
SAFROLE
Reincke & Fichtner
Safrole
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Safety Information:
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
T - Toxic.
R 20/21/22 - Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 45 - May cause cancer.
R 46 - May cause heritable genetic damage.
S 01/02 - Keep locked up and out of the reach of children.
S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke.
S 23 - Do not breath vapour.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 27 - Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
S 28 - After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water.
S 29 - Do not empty into drains.
S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
S 45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately.
S 53 - Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use.
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-rat LD50  1950 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 7, Pg. 18, 1965.

oral-mouse LD50  2350 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 327, 1964.

oral-rabbit LD50  1000 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGE KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: OTHER CHANGES IN URINE COMPOSITION
Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 35, Pg. 342, 1895.

intravenous-rabbit LD50  200 mg/kg
VASCULAR: BP LOWERING NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION VASCULAR: BP ELEVATION NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION
Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 35, Pg. 342, 1895.

Dermal Toxicity:
skin-rabbit LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 12, Pg. 983, 1974.

subcutaneous-mouse LD50 1020 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT
Sapporo Igaku Zasshi. Sapporo Medical Journal. Vol. 3, Pg. 73, 1952.

subcutaneous-rabbit LDLo 1000 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGE
Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 35, Pg. 342, 1895.

Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: natural substances and extractives
IFRA Critical Effect: Carcinogenicity
IFRA fragrance material specification:
 Safrole as such should not be used as a fragrance ingredient; essential oils containing safrole should not be used at a level such that the total concentration of safrole exceeds 0.01% in consumer products. Examples of essential oils with a high safrole content are Sassafras oil (Sassafras officinale Nees& Eberm.), Ocotea Cymbarum oil (Ocotea pretiosa Metz) and certain qualities of Camphor oils. The total concentration of safrole, isosafrole and dihydrosafrole should not exceed 0.01% in consumer products. These recommendations are based on the conclusions of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetology of the EEC on safrole and on the similarity of the biological activity of these substances (Scientific Committee of Cosmetology of the EEC, opinion reached on September 2, 1980; Communication to the EEC Commission ENV/521/79 and IARC Monograph Vol. 10, 1976, 231-244).
IFRA: View Standard
View IFRA Standards Library for complete information.
Please review Amendment 49 IFRA documentation for complete information.
IFRA RESTRICTION LIMITS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT (%):
Category 1: Products applied to the lips
See notebox %
Category 2: Products applied to the axillae
See notebox %
Category 3: Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
See notebox %
Category 4: Products related to fine fragrance
See notebox %
 Category 5: Products applied to the face and body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
Category 5A: Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
See notebox %
Category 5B: Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
See notebox %
Category 5C: Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
See notebox %
Category 5D: Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
See notebox %
Category 6: Products with oral and lip exposure
See notebox %
 Category 7: Products applied to the hair with some hand contact
Category 7A: Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
See notebox %
Category 7B: Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
See notebox %
Category 8: Products with significant anogenital exposure
See notebox %
Category 9: Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
See notebox %
 Category 10: Household care products with mostly hand contact
Category 10A: Household care excluding aerosol products (excluding aerosol/spray products)
See notebox %
Category 10B: Household aerosol/spray products
See notebox %
 Category 11: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate
Category 11A: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
See notebox %
Category 11B: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
See notebox %
Category 12: Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
See notebox
 Notes:
IFRA FLAVOR REQUIREMENTS:

Due to the possible ingestion of small amounts of fragrance ingredients from their use in products in Categories 1 and 6, materials must not only comply with IFRA Standards but must also be recognized as safe as a flavoring ingredient as defined by the IOFI Code of Practice (www.iofi.org). For more details see chapter 1 of the Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards.

Fragrance ingredient restriction - Note box
On the basis of established maximum concentration levels of this substance in commercially available natural sources (like essential oils, extracts and absolutes), exposure to this substance from the use of these oils and extracts is regarded acceptable as long as the total concentration of Safrole, Isosafrole and Dihydrosafrole in the finished consumer product does not exceed 0.01%.
 
Recommendation for safrole flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
EPI System: View
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: Search
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
Carcinogenic Potency Database: Search
EPA GENetic TOXicology: Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): 94-59-7
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 5144
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
SCCNFP: opinion
WISER: UN 3082
WGK Germany: 3
 5-prop-2-enyl-1,3-benzodioxole
Chemidplus: 0000094597
EPA/NOAA CAMEO: hazardous materials
RTECS: CY2800000 for cas# 94-59-7
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References:
 5-prop-2-enyl-1,3-benzodioxole
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 94-59-7
Pubchem (cid): 5144
Pubchem (sid): 134971292
Flavornet: 94-59-7
Pherobase: View
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): View
CHEBI: View
CHEMBL: View
KEGG (GenomeNet): C10490
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB33591
FooDB: FDB011672
Export Tariff Code: 2932.94.0000
Typical G.C.
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider: View
Wikipedia: View
Formulations/Preparations:
•constituent of several essential oils, notably sassafras in which it is present to the extent of about 75%. •grade: technical
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
For Odor
spicy
 cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
 
For Flavor
 
spicy
 cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
 
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Potential Uses:
 beer birch beerFL
 cinnamonFL
 gooseberryFL
 nutmegFR
 root beerFL
 sarsaparillaFL
 sassafrasFL
 witch hazelFR
 wormseed oil replacerFR
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 anise oil
Search Trop  Picture
 anise seed oil star china @ 0.14%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 anise star anise fruit
Search Trop  Picture
 ayou wood oil @ 0.50%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 basil plant
Search Trop  Picture
 betel leaf oil @ 6.45%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 cabocla flower oil brazil @ 1.00%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 cassia plant
Search Trop  Picture
 champaca concrete @ trace%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon bark
Search Trop  Picture
 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon bark oil
Search Trop  Picture
 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon leaf
Search Trop  Picture
 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon leaf oil
Search Trop  Picture
 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon root bark
Search Trop  Picture
 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon stem bark
Search Trop  Picture
 cinnamon oil CO2 extract @ 0.00-0.02%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 cubeb oil @ 0.08%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 dill plant
Search Trop  Picture
 dill seed oil
Search Trop  Picture
 ho leaf oil @ 0.88%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 mace oil @ 0.70%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 mace oil CO2 extract @ 0.20%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 michelia champaca flower absolute @ 0.51%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 myristica fragrans fruit oil @ 2.80%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 nutmeg
Search Trop  Picture
 nutmeg extract CO2 west indian @ 0.10%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 nutmeg oil
Search Trop  Picture
 nutmeg oil hydrodistilled india @ 2.8%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 nutmeg seed
Search Trop  Picture
 nutmeg seed oil
Search Trop  Picture
 osmanthus absolute @ 0.02%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 pepper black pepper fruit
Search Trop  Picture
 pepper black pepper fruit oil
Search Trop  Picture
 pepper black pepper seed oil
Search Trop  Picture
 petitgrain combava oil @ 0.24%
Data  GC  Search  Picture
 phoebe oil brazil @ 0.70%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 rosemary plant
Search Trop  Picture
 sassafras
Search Trop  Picture
 tamarind fruit
Search Trop  Picture
 tamarind seed
Search Trop  Picture
 tea leaf
Search Trop  Picture
 zanthoxylum ovalifolium l. leaf oil australia @ 1.20%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Synonyms:
 allyl catechol methylene ether
 allyl dioxybenzene methylene ether
meta-allyl pyrocatechin methylene ether
m-allyl pyrocatechinmethylene ether
4-allyl pyrocatechol formaldehyde acetal
 allyl pyrocatechol methylene ether
3-allyl-1,2-(methylenedioxy)benzene
4-allyl-1,2-methylene dioxybenzene
4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene
5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole
1-allyl-3,4-methylene dioxybenzene
1-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene
4-allyl-procatecol
5-allylbenzo[d][1,3]dioxole
4-allylcatechol methylene ether
m-allylpyrocatechin methylene ether
4-allylpyrocatechol formaldehyde acetal
4-allylpyrocatechol methylene ether
1,3-benzodioxole, 5-(2-propen-1-yl)-
 benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)-
1,3-benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)-
1,2-methylene dioxy-4-allyl benzene
1,2-methylenedioxy-4-allylbenzene
3,4-methylenedioxy-allylbenzene
3-[(3,4-methylenedioxy)phenyl]-1-propene
5-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-1,3-benzodioxole
5-prop-2-enyl-1,3-benzodioxole
5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole
 rhyuno
 shikimol
 shikomol
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