camalexin
3-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole
 
Notes:
None found
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CAS Number: 135531-86-1Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Nikkaji Web: J669.040H
MDL: MFCD18451889
XlogP3-AA: 2.70 (est)
Molecular Weight: 200.26376000
Formula: C11 H8 N2 S
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
Category: natural substances and extractives
 
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Physical Properties:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:
 water, 170.8 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
None found
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Suppliers:
Sigma-Aldrich: Sigma
For experimental / research use only.
Camalexin ≥98% (HPLC)
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Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for camalexin usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for camalexin flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
EPI System: View
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EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 636970
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany: 3
 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole
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References:
 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid): 636970
Pubchem (cas): 135531-86-1
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI: View
CHEMBL: View
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB38631
FooDB: FDB018026
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider: View
Wikipedia: View
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
None Found
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 camelina sativa leaf
Search Trop  Picture
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Synonyms:
2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazole
3-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole
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Articles:
PubMed: Differential Roles of Glucosinolates and Camalexin at Different Stages of Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation.
PubMed: Chemical priming of immunity without costs to plant growth.
PubMed: Possible Interactions between the Biosynthetic Pathways of Indole Glucosinolate and Auxin.
PubMed: Transcriptome dynamic of Arabidopsis roots infected with Phytophthora parasitica identifies VQ29, a gene induced during the penetration and involved in the restriction of infection.
PubMed: Determination of histone epigenetic marks in Arabidopsis and tomato genes in the early response to Botrytis cinerea.
PubMed: Damage-associated responses of the host contribute to defence against cyst nematodes but not root-knot nematodes.
PubMed: Induction of plant disease resistance upon treatment with yeast cell wall extract.
PubMed: Interactions of WRKY15 and WRKY33 transcription factors and their roles in the resistance of oilseed rape to Sclerotinia infection.
PubMed: Inhibitors of the Detoxifying Enzyme of the Phytoalexin Brassinin Based on Quinoline and Isoquinoline Scaffolds.
PubMed: PRR2, a pseudo-response regulator, promotes salicylic acid and camalexin accumulation during plant immunity.
PubMed: Botrytis cinerea B05.10 promotes disease development in Arabidopsis by suppressing WRKY33-mediated host immunity.
PubMed: Key Components of Different Plant Defense Pathways Are Dispensable for Powdery Mildew Resistance of the Arabidopsismlo2 mlo6 mlo12Triple Mutant.
PubMed: GBF1 differentially regulates CAT2 and PAD4 transcription to promote pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Constitutively Active Arabidopsis MAP Kinase 3 Triggers Defense Responses Involving Salicylic Acid and SUMM2 Resistance Protein.
PubMed: Albugo-imposed changes to tryptophan-derived antimicrobial metabolite biosynthesis may contribute to suppression of non-host resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Camalexin-Induced Cell Membrane Scrambling and Cell Shrinkage in Human Erythrocytes.
PubMed: Structural evidence forArabidopsisglutathione transferaseAtGSTF2 functioning as a transporter of small organic ligands.
PubMed: The isolation and characterization of resident yeasts from the phylloplane of Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Signaling Pathways Regulate Glucosinolate Levels in Plants During Rhizobacteria-Induced Systemic Resistance Against a Leaf-Chewing Herbivore.
PubMed: The Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Metabolome Signature in Arabidopsis thaliana Reveals Dynamic Reprogramming of Phytoalexin and Phytoanticipin Pathways.
PubMed: Zinc triggers signaling mechanisms and defense responses promoting resistance to Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: PAMP Activity of Cerato-Platanin during Plant Interaction: An -Omic Approach.
PubMed: Analysis of crystal structure of Arabidopsis MPK6 and generation of its mutants with higher activity.
PubMed: Pathogen-Responsive MPK3 and MPK6 Reprogram the Biosynthesis of Indole Glucosinolates and Their Derivatives in Arabidopsis Immunity.
PubMed: Mutation of the Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Enzyme Cytochrome P450 83A1 Monooxygenase Increases Camalexin Accumulation and Powdery Mildew Resistance.
PubMed: Root-knot nematodes induce pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
PubMed: The Quantitative Basis of the Arabidopsis Innate Immune System to Endemic Pathogens Depends on Pathogen Genetics.
PubMed: Regulatory and Functional Aspects of Indolic Metabolism in Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance.
PubMed: Regulation of Pathogen-Triggered Tryptophan Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana by MYB Transcription Factors and Indole Glucosinolate Conversion Products.
PubMed: Expression of antimicrobial peptides under control of a camalexin-biosynthetic promoter confers enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae.
PubMed: Trichoderma volatiles effecting Arabidopsis: from inhibition to protection against phytopathogenic fungi.
PubMed: Proteomic analyses of the interaction between the plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 and Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: The role of MYB34, MYB51 and MYB122 in the regulation of camalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: A new cyanogenic metabolite in Arabidopsis required for inducible pathogen defence.
PubMed: Camalexin contributes to the partial resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the biotrophic soilborne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae.
PubMed: Cotton polyamine oxidase is required for spermine and camalexin signalling in the defence response to Verticillium dahliae.
PubMed: Sustained exposure to abscisic acid enhances the colonization potential of the mutualist fungus Piriformospora indica on Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
PubMed: Substantial reprogramming of the Eutrema salsugineum (Thellungiella salsuginea) transcriptome in response to UV and silver nitrate challenge.
PubMed: TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR-LIKE EFFECTOR NUCLEASE-Mediated Generation and Metabolic Analysis of Camalexin-Deficient cyp71a12 cyp71a13 Double Knockout Lines.
PubMed: A geographic cline in leaf salicylic acid with increasing elevation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Classic myrosinase-dependent degradation of indole glucosinolate attenuates fumonisin B1-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Camalexin Quantification inArabidopsis thalianaLeaves Infected withBotrytis cinerea.
PubMed: A Novel Arabidopsis microRNA promotes IAA biosynthesis via the indole-3-acetaldoxime pathway by suppressing superroot1.
PubMed: Sustained mitogen-activated protein kinase activation reprograms defense metabolism and phosphoprotein profile in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Linking phytochrome to plant immunity: low red : far-red ratios increase Arabidopsis susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea by reducing the biosynthesis of indolic glucosinolates and camalexin.
PubMed: The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii modulates the expression of WRKY transcription factors in syncytia to favour its development in Arabidopsis roots.
PubMed: Constitutive camalexin production and environmental stress response variation in Arabidopsis populations from the Iberian Peninsula.
PubMed: Cerato-platanin induces resistance in Arabidopsis leaves through stomatal perception, overexpression of salicylic acid- and ethylene-signalling genes and camalexin biosynthesis.
PubMed: An Arabidopsis mutant impaired in intracellular calcium elevation is sensitive to biotic and abiotic stress.
PubMed: Disruption of the ammonium transporter AMT1.1 alters basal defenses generating resistance against Pseudomonas syringae and Plectosphaerella cucumerina.
PubMed: Phytoalexin biosynthesis genes are regulated and involved in plant response to Ralstonia solanacearum infection.
PubMed: Spatial H2O2 signaling specificity: H2O2 from chloroplasts and peroxisomes modulates the plant transcriptome differentially.
PubMed: The Biosynthetic Pathway of Indole-3-Carbaldehyde and Indole-3-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Camalexin-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells involves alterations of expression and activity of lysosomal protease cathepsin D.
PubMed: The Arabidopsis LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE3 regulates the cross talk between immunity and abscisic acid responses.
PubMed: Rice OsPAD4 functions differently from Arabidopsis AtPAD4 in host-pathogen interactions.
PubMed: The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 and the cytochrome P450 PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 contribute to innate immunity to aphids in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Targeting novel chemical and constitutive primed metabolites against Plectosphaerella cucumerina.
PubMed: The phytoalexin camalexin induces fundamental changes in the proteome of Alternaria brassicicola different from those caused by brassinin.
PubMed: Beyond toxicity: a regulatory role for mitochondrial cyanide.
PubMed: The protein phosphatase subunit PP2A-B'γ is required to suppress day length-dependent pathogenesis responses triggered by intracellular oxidative stress.
PubMed: The phytoalexins brassilexin and camalexin inhibit cyclobrassinin hydrolase, a unique enzyme from the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: Minimum set of cytochromes P450 for reconstituting the biosynthesis of camalexin, a major Arabidopsis antibiotic.
PubMed: The secondary metabolism glycosyltransferases UGT73B3 and UGT73B5 are components of redox status in resistance of Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.
PubMed: Pipecolic acid enhances resistance to bacterial infection and primes salicylic acid and nicotine accumulation in tobacco.
PubMed: The effects of glucosinolates and their breakdown products on necrotrophic fungi.
PubMed: De novo genetic engineering of the camalexin biosynthetic pathway.
PubMed: Metabolism of the phytoalexins camalexins, their bioisosteres and analogues in the plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: Glutathione and tryptophan metabolism are required for Arabidopsis immunity during the hypersensitive response to hemibiotrophs.
PubMed: Analyses of wrky18 wrky40 plants reveal critical roles of SA/EDS1 signaling and indole-glucosinolate biosynthesis for Golovinomyces orontii resistance and a loss-of resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRPS4.
PubMed: Induced expression of defense-related genes in Arabidopsis upon infection with Phytophthora capsici.
PubMed: Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, involves camalexin and is regulated by microRNAs.
PubMed: Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances the susceptibility of Arabidopsis toward Colletotrichum higginsianum.
PubMed: Genetic and genomic analysis of Rhizoctonia solani interactions with Arabidopsis; evidence of resistance mediated through NADPH oxidases.
PubMed: Assigning gene function in biosynthetic pathways: camalexin and beyond.
PubMed: Reply: complexity in camalexin biosynthesis.
PubMed: In vitro toxicity of camalexin derivatives in human cancer and non-cancer cells.
PubMed: A novel Arabidopsis-oomycete pathosystem: differential interactions with Phytophthora capsici reveal a role for camalexin, indole glucosinolates and salicylic acid in defence.
PubMed: Pipecolic acid, an endogenous mediator of defense amplification and priming, is a critical regulator of inducible plant immunity.
PubMed: The phytoalexin camalexin mediates cytotoxicity towards aggressive prostate cancer cells via reactive oxygen species.
PubMed: Water stress and aphid feeding differentially influence metabolite composition in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.).
PubMed: Expression of ROS-responsive genes and transcription factors after metabolic formation of H(2)O(2) in chloroplasts.
PubMed: Identification of indole-3-carboxylic acid as mediator of priming against Plectosphaerella cucumerina.
PubMed: Metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in Arabidopsis by the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SS101.
PubMed: A fast and precise method to identify indolic glucosinolates and camalexin in plants by combining mass spectrometric and biological information.
PubMed: Indole-3-acetaldoxime-derived compounds restrict root colonization in the beneficial interaction between Arabidopsis roots and the endophyte Piriformospora indica.
PubMed: Sulfur-containing secondary metabolites from Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassicaceae with function in plant immunity.
PubMed: Influence of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters in Root Exudation of Phytoalexins, Signals, and in Disease Resistance.
PubMed: Arabidopsis acetyl-amido synthetase GH3.5 involvement in camalexin biosynthesis through conjugation of indole-3-carboxylic acid and cysteine and upregulation of camalexin biosynthesis genes.
PubMed: Transcriptional activation and production of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites in arabidopsis roots contributes to the defense against the fungal vascular pathogen Verticillium longisporum.
PubMed: Mitochondrial sulfide detoxification requires a functional isoform O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase C in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Loss of cytosolic NADP-malic enzyme 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana is associated with enhanced susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum.
PubMed: UVR8 mediates UV-B-induced Arabidopsis defense responses against Botrytis cinerea by controlling sinapate accumulation.
PubMed: Chemical warfare or modulators of defence responses - the function of secondary metabolites in plant immunity.
PubMed: Dissecting phosphite-induced priming in Arabidopsis infected with Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis.
PubMed: Arabidopsis WRKY33 is a key transcriptional regulator of hormonal and metabolic responses toward Botrytis cinerea infection.
PubMed: The conjugated auxin indole-3-acetic acid-aspartic acid promotes plant disease development.
PubMed: Activation of camalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to perception of bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a gene-to-metabolite study.
PubMed: Improved sulfur nutrition provides the basis for enhanced production of sulfur-containing defense compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana upon inoculation with Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: Identification and characterization of ANAC042, a transcription factor family gene involved in the regulation of camalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Phytoalexins in defense against pathogens.
PubMed: Glutathione deficiency of the Arabidopsis mutant pad2-1 affects oxidative stress-related events, defense gene expression, and the hypersensitive response.
PubMed: AtRbohF is a crucial modulator of defence-associated metabolism and a key actor in the interplay between intracellular oxidative stress and pathogenesis responses in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Trichoderma-induced plant immunity likely involves both hormonal- and camalexin-dependent mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana and confers resistance against necrotrophic fungi Botrytis cinerea.
PubMed: Quantification of camalexin, a phytoalexin from Arabidopsis thaliana: a comparison of five analytical methods.
PubMed: Anti-apoptotic machinery protects the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea from host-induced apoptotic-like cell death during plant infection.
PubMed: Role of the 4-phosphopantetheinyl transferase of Trichoderma virens in secondary metabolism and induction of plant defense responses.
PubMed: Conservation and clade-specific diversification of pathogen-inducible tryptophan and indole glucosinolate metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana relatives.
PubMed: The plant growth-promoting fungus Aspergillus ustus promotes growth and induces resistance against different lifestyle pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Cytosolic γ-glutamyl peptidases process glutathione conjugates in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates and camalexin in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Crosstalk between abiotic ultraviolet-B stress and biotic (flg22) stress signalling in Arabidopsis prevents flavonol accumulation in favor of pathogen defence compound production.
PubMed: Arabidopsis cell death in compatible and incompatible interactions with Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: The Arabidopsis phi class glutathione transferase AtGSTF2: binding and regulation by biologically active heterocyclic ligands.
PubMed: Phosphorylation of a WRKY transcription factor by two pathogen-responsive MAPKs drives phytoalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Indolic secondary metabolites protect Arabidopsis from the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora brassicae.
PubMed: Intronic T-DNA insertion renders Arabidopsis opr3 a conditional jasmonic acid-producing mutant.
PubMed: The microRNA miR393 re-directs secondary metabolite biosynthesis away from camalexin and towards glucosinolates.
PubMed: Prunus domestica pathogenesis-related protein-5 activates the defense response pathway and enhances the resistance to fungal infection.
PubMed: Camalexin induces apoptosis in T-leukemia Jurkat cells by increased concentration of reactive oxygen species and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9.
PubMed: Role of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and side chain modification of glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates in defense of Arabidopsis against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
PubMed: Autophagy differentially controls plant basal immunity to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
PubMed: Auxin signaling and transport promote susceptibility to the root-infecting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Impact of the unfolded protein response on the pathogenicity of the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: Transcript profiling of chitosan-treated Arabidopsis seedlings.
PubMed: Glutathione-indole-3-acetonitrile is required for camalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Detoxification of cruciferous phytoalexins in Botrytis cinerea: spontaneous dimerization of a camalexin metabolite.
PubMed: MAMP-responsive MAPK cascades regulate phytoalexin biosynthesis.
PubMed: Transcriptional reprogramming regulated by WRKY18 and WRKY40 facilitates powdery mildew infection of Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Redirection of tryptophan metabolism in tobacco by ectopic expression of an Arabidopsis indolic glucosinolate biosynthetic gene.
PubMed: Cell wall integrity and high osmolarity glycerol pathways are required for adaptation of Alternaria brassicicola to cell wall stress caused by brassicaceous indolic phytoalexins.
PubMed: Arabidopsis histone methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP8 mediates induction of the jasmonate/ethylene pathway genes in plant defense response to necrotrophic fungi.
PubMed: Disruption of the Bcchs3a chitin synthase gene in Botrytis cinerea is responsible for altered adhesion and overstimulation of host plant immunity.
PubMed: Peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide is coupled to biotic defense responses by ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 in a daylength-related manner.
PubMed: The differential spatial distribution of secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis leaves reacting hypersensitively to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is dependent on the oxidative burst.
PubMed: Deficiencies in jasmonate-mediated plant defense reveal quantitative variation in Botrytis cinerea pathogenesis.
PubMed: Tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana confer non-host resistance to necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerina fungi.
PubMed: The Arabidopsis P450 protein CYP82C2 modulates jasmonate-induced root growth inhibition, defense gene expression and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis.
PubMed: Innate immune responses activated in Arabidopsis roots by microbe-associated molecular patterns.
PubMed: Disease resistance of Arabidopsis to Phytophthora brassicae is established by the sequential action of indole glucosinolates and camalexin.
PubMed: Tryptophan-derived metabolites are required for antifungal defense in the Arabidopsis mlo2 mutant.
PubMed: Negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: MAP kinase phosphatase1 and protein tyrosine phosphatase1 are repressors of salicylic acid synthesis and SNC1-mediated responses in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Downstream targets of WRKY33.
PubMed: The multifunctional enzyme CYP71B15 (PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3) converts cysteine-indole-3-acetonitrile to camalexin in the indole-3-acetonitrile metabolic network of Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Evolution of camalexin and structurally related indolic compounds.
PubMed: Controlled indole-3-acetaldoxime production through ethanol-induced expression of CYP79B2.
PubMed: Synthetic inhibitors of the fungal detoxifying enzyme brassinin oxidase based on the phytoalexin camalexin scaffold.
PubMed: Layers of defense responses to Leptosphaeria maculans below the RLM1- and camalexin-dependent resistances.
PubMed: Inducible expression of a Nep1-like protein serves as a model trigger system of camalexin biosynthesis.
PubMed: The ABC transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea exports camalexin and is a virulence factor on Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Genetic analysis of acd6-1 reveals complex defense networks and leads to identification of novel defense genes in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Cloning, purification and characterisation of brassinin glucosyltransferase, a phytoalexin-detoxifying enzyme from the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
PubMed: Antioxidant status, peroxidase activity, and PR protein transcript levels in ascorbate-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana vtc mutants.
PubMed: Complex genetics control natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Botrytis cinerea.
PubMed: The transcript and metabolite networks affected by the two clades of Arabidopsis glucosinolate biosynthesis regulators.
PubMed: Activation of MAPK kinase 9 induces ethylene and camalexin biosynthesis and enhances sensitivity to salt stress in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 regulates gene expression through transcription factor release in the nucleus.
PubMed: Glycerol-3-phosphate levels are associated with basal resistance to the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Biosynthetic origin of BE-10988 in Streptomyces sp. BA10988.
PubMed: Direct fungicidal activities of C6-aldehydes are important constituents for defense responses in Arabidopsis against Botrytis cinerea.
PubMed: Brassinin oxidase, a fungal detoxifying enzyme to overcome a plant defense -- purification, characterization and inhibition.
PubMed: The glutathione-deficient mutant pad2-1 accumulates lower amounts of glucosinolates and is more susceptible to the insect herbivore Spodoptera littoralis.
PubMed: Wounding of Arabidopsis leaves causes a powerful but transient protection against Botrytis infection.
PubMed: Towards global understanding of plant defence against aphids--timing and dynamics of early Arabidopsis defence responses to cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) attack.
PubMed: Distinct roles of jasmonates and aldehydes in plant-defense responses.
PubMed: A fungal-responsive MAPK cascade regulates phytoalexin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: A diffusible signal from germinating Orobanche ramosa elicits early defense responses in suspension-cultured Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Bacterial non-host resistance: interactions of Arabidopsis with non-adapted Pseudomonas syringae strains.
PubMed: Phytoalexins and phytoanticipins from the wild crucifers Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana: rapalexin A, wasalexins and camalexin.
PubMed: Identification of loci controlling non-host disease resistance in Arabidopsis against the leaf rust pathogen Puccinia triticina.
PubMed: Bacteria-derived peptidoglycans constitute pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggering innate immunity in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 71A13 catalyzes the conversion of indole-3-acetaldoxime in camalexin synthesis.
PubMed: Detoxification of the phytoalexin brassinin by isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans pathogenic on brown mustard involves an inducible hydrolase.
PubMed: ABA is required for Leptosphaeria maculans resistance via ABI1- and ABI4-dependent signaling.
PubMed: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition rather than development of tissue necrosis contributes to bacterial induction of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Transcriptional responses to exposure to the brassicaceous defence metabolites camalexin and allyl-isothiocyanate in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: Camalexin.
PubMed: Histochemical and genetic analysis of host and non-host interactions of Arabidopsis with three Botrytis species: an important role for cell death control.
PubMed: Nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation reprograms gene expression and activates defense markers in Arabidopsis tocopherol-deficient mutants.
PubMed: Phytotoxicity and innate immune responses induced by Nep1-like proteins.
PubMed: Expression of a nitric oxide degrading enzyme induces a senescence programme in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Identification of PAD2 as a gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase highlights the importance of glutathione in disease resistance of Arabidopsis.
PubMed: The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the biosynthesis of camalexin.
PubMed: Yeast increases resistance in Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea by salicylic acid-dependent as well as -independent mechanisms.
PubMed: Metabolic changes in Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the feedback-resistant anthranilate synthase alpha subunit gene OASA1D.
PubMed: Early responses in the Arabidopsis-Verticillium longisporum pathosystem are dependent on NDR1, JA- and ET-associated signals via cytosolic NPR1 and RFO1.
PubMed: ETR1-, JAR1- and PAD2-dependent signaling pathways are involved in C6-aldehyde-induced defense responses of Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Analysis of defensive responses activated by volatile allo-ocimene treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: The Arabidopsis flavin-dependent monooxygenase FMO1 is an essential component of biologically induced systemic acquired resistance.
PubMed: Regulatory variability of camalexin biosynthesis.
PubMed: CYP71B15 (PAD3) catalyzes the final step in camalexin biosynthesis.
PubMed: WRKY70 modulates the selection of signaling pathways in plant defense.
PubMed: Transgressive segregation reveals two Arabidopsis TIR-NB-LRR resistance genes effective against Leptosphaeria maculans, causal agent of blackleg disease.
PubMed: Early physiological responses of Arabidopsis thaliana cells to fusaric acid: toxic and signalling effects.
PubMed: Premature leaf senescence modulated by the Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 gene is associated with defense against the phloem-feeding green peach aphid.
PubMed: Camalexin induces detoxification of the phytoalexin brassinin in the plant pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans.
PubMed: Secondary metabolites influence Arabidopsis/Botrytis interactions: variation in host production and pathogen sensitivity.
PubMed: New insight into the biosynthesis and regulation of indole compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Structural complexity, differential response to infection, and tissue specificity of indolic and phenylpropanoid secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis roots.
PubMed: ups1, an Arabidopsis thaliana camalexin accumulation mutant defective in multiple defence signalling pathways.
PubMed: B1-phytoprostanes trigger plant defense and detoxification responses.
PubMed: The BOS loci of Arabidopsis are required for resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection.
PubMed: Detoxification of the cruciferous phytoalexin brassinin in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum requires an inducible glucosyltransferase.
PubMed: A key role for ALD1 in activation of local and systemic defenses in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: RCH1, a locus in Arabidopsis that confers resistance to the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum.
PubMed: Tryptophan-derived sulfur-containing phytoalexins--a general overview.
PubMed: Camalexin is synthesized from indole-3-acetaldoxime, a key branching point between primary and secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Light conditions influence specific defence responses in incompatible plant-pathogen interactions: uncoupling systemic resistance from salicylic acid and PR-1 accumulation.
PubMed: Identification of Botrytis cinerea susceptibility loci in Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: Beta-amino-butyric acid-induced resistance against necrotrophic pathogens is based on ABA-dependent priming for callose.
PubMed: Designer phytoalexins: probing camalexin detoxification pathways in the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani.
PubMed: Characterisation of an Arabidopsis-Leptosphaeria maculans pathosystem: resistance partially requires camalexin biosynthesis and is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling.
PubMed: Genetic evidence that expression of NahG modifies defence pathways independent of salicylic acid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato interaction.
PubMed: Antiproliferative and cancer chemopreventive activity of phytoalexins: focus on indole phytoalexins from crucifers.
PubMed: Arabidopsis local resistance to Botrytis cinerea involves salicylic acid and camalexin and requires EDS4 and PAD2, but not SID2, EDS5 or PAD4.
PubMed: Characterization of the early response of Arabidopsis to Alternaria brassicicola infection using expression profiling.
PubMed: The cDNA microarray analysis using an Arabidopsis pad3 mutant reveals the expression profiles and classification of genes induced by Alternaria brassicicola attack.
PubMed: Arabidopsis ecotype variability in camalexin production and reaction to infection by Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: Probing the phytopathogenic stem rot fungus with phytoalexins and analogues: unprecedented glucosylation of camalexin and 6-methoxycamalexin.
PubMed: Esa1, an Arabidopsis mutant with enhanced susceptibility to a range of necrotrophic fungal pathogens, shows a distorted induction of defense responses by reactive oxygen generating compounds.
PubMed: Infection of Arabidopsis with a necrotrophic pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, elicits various defense responses but does not induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR).
PubMed: Characterization of an Arabidopsis-Phytophthora pathosystem: resistance requires a functional PAD2 gene and is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling.
PubMed: The biosynthesis of shikimate metabolites.
PubMed: Constitutive salicylic acid-dependent signaling in cpr1 and cpr6 mutants requires PAD4.
PubMed: Jasmonate-dependent induction of indole glucosinolates in Arabidopsis by culture filtrates of the nonspecific pathogen Erwinia carotovora.
PubMed: Accumulation of soluble and wall-bound indolic metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected with virulent or avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato strains.
PubMed: Arabidopsis dth9 mutation identifies a gene involved in regulating disease susceptibility without affecting salicylic acid-dependent responses.
PubMed: Three unique mutants of Arabidopsis identify eds loci required for limiting growth of a biotrophic fungal pathogen.
PubMed: Interplay of signaling pathways in plant disease resistance.
PubMed: Arabidopsis cytochrome P450s that catalyze the first step of tryptophan-dependent indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis.
PubMed: Biotransformation of the phytoalexin camalexin by the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani.
PubMed: Arabidopsis PAD3, a gene required for camalexin biosynthesis, encodes a putative cytochrome P450 monooxygenase.
PubMed: Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is important for salicylic acid signaling.
PubMed: The role of phytoalexins in plant protection.
PubMed: Deficiency in phytoalexin production causes enhanced susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
PubMed: Salicylic acid induction-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis express PR-2 and PR-5 and accumulate high levels of camalexin after pathogen inoculation.
PubMed: Camalexin accumulation in Arabis lyrata.
PubMed: Correlation of defense gene induction defects with powdery mildew susceptibility in Arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility mutants.
PubMed: Biosynthesis of camalexin from tryptophan pathway intermediates in cell-suspension cultures of Arabidopsis.
PubMed: PAD4 functions upstream from salicylic acid to control defense responses in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Induction of Arabidopsis tryptophan pathway enzymes and camalexin by amino acid starvation, oxidative stress, and an abiotic elicitor.
PubMed: Phytoalexin-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis reveal that PAD4 encodes a regulatory factor and that four PAD genes contribute to downy mildew resistance.
PubMed: Identification of an Arabidopsis locus required for resistance to turnip crinkle virus.
PubMed: Origin of the thiazole ring of camalexin, a phytoalexin from Arabidopsis thaliana.
PubMed: The promoter of the tobacco Tnt1 retrotransposon is induced by wounding and by abiotic stress.
PubMed: Coordinate regulation of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway and indolic phytoalexin accumulation in Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Characterization of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) resistance in virus-resistant ecotypes of Arabidopsis.
PubMed: Mode of action of the Arabidopsis thaliana phytoalexin camalexin and its role in Arabidopsis-pathogen interactions.
PubMed: Use of Arabidopsis thaliana defense-related mutants to dissect the plant response to pathogens.
PubMed: Isolation of phytoalexin-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterization of their interactions with bacterial pathogens.
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