kale
 
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Physical Properties:
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
None found
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Suppliers:
Mountain Valley Growers
Kale
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Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: food additive
Recommendation for kale usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for kale flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
None found
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References:
None found
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Other Information:
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: View
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
None Found
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 found in nature
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Synonyms:
 kale
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Articles:
PubMed: Bioactive Capacity, Sensory Properties, and Nutritional Analysis of a Shelf Stable Protein-rich Functional Ingredient with Concentrated Fruit and Vegetable Phytoactives.
J-Stage: Immunostimulatory in Vitro and in Vivo Effects of a Water-Soluble Extract from Kale
PubMed: Concentrating Immunoprotective Phytoactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetables into Shelf-stable Protein-rich Ingredients.
PubMed: Can we use photography to estimate radiation interception by a crop canopy?
PubMed: Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy.
PubMed: Influence of Cultivar and Fertilizer Approach on Curly Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica). 1. Genetic Diversity Reflected in Agronomic Characteristics and Phytochemical Concentration.
PubMed: Tracing temperature patterns of cut leafy greens during service in North Carolina school food service.
PubMed: Variation of glucosinolates and quinone reductase activity among different varieties of Chinese kale and improvement of glucoraphanin by metabolic engineering.
PubMed: Residual behavior and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato at different agro-climatic conditions in India.
PubMed: Exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment increases glucosinolate biosynthesis and quinone reductase activity in kale leaf tissue.
PubMed: Total myrosinase activity estimates in brassica vegetable produce.
PubMed: Impact of selenium supply on Se-methylselenocysteine and glucosinolate accumulation in selenium-biofortified Brassica sprouts.
PubMed: Effect of sprouting and light cycle on antioxidant activity of Brassica oleracea varieties.
PubMed: Heavy metals in produce from urban farms in the San Francisco Bay Area.
PubMed: Product characteristics and quality of bovine blood-enriched dried vegetable paste.
PubMed: Extracts from Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica inhibit TNF-α stimulated neutrophil adhesion in vitro under flow conditions.
PubMed: Interaction of Moderate UV-B Exposure and Temperature on the Formation of Structurally Different Flavonol Glycosides and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica).
PubMed: Carotenoid stability in fruits, vegetables and working standards - effect of storage temperature and time.
PubMed: Carotenoids, polyphenols and micronutrient profiles of Brassica oleraceae and plum varieties and their contribution to measures of total antioxidant capacity.
PubMed: Chicken manure enhanced yield and quality of field-grown kale and collard greens.
PubMed: Safety evaluation of flubendiamide and its metabolites on cabbage and persistence in soil in different agroclimatic zones of India.
PubMed: Comparison of nutritional compositions and antioxidant activities of building blocks in shinseoncho and kale green vegetable juices.
PubMed: Effect of the method of preparation for consumption on calcium retention, calcium:phosphorus ratio, nutrient density and recommended daily allowance in fourteen vegetables.
PubMed: Growth model of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at various storage temperatures on kale treated by thermosonication combined with slightly acidic electrolyzed water.
PubMed: Roflumilast in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
PubMed: Evaluation of selenium species in selenium-enriched pakchoi (Brassica chinensis Jusl var parachinensis (Bailey) Tsen & Lee) using mixed ion-pair reversed phase HPLC-ICP-MS.
PubMed: Effects of bioactive-rich extracts of pomegranate, persimmon, nettle, dill, kale and Sideritis and isolated bioactives on arachidonic acid induced markers of platelet activation and aggregation.
PubMed: Comparison of bioactive phytochemical content and release of isothiocyanates in selected brassica sprouts.
PubMed: Comparison of leafy kale populations from Italy, Portugal, and Turkey for their bioactive compound content: phenolics, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and chlorophylls.
PubMed: Bioactive-rich extracts of persimmon, but not nettle, Sideritis, dill or kale, increase eNOS activation and NO bioavailability and decrease endothelin-1 secretion by human vascular endothelial cells.
PubMed: Introduction to Special Issue on Molecular Basis for Cancer Prevention with Bioactive Food Components in Nutrition and Cancer--an International Journal.
PubMed: Masking Vegetable Bitterness to Improve Palatability Depends on Vegetable Type and Taste Phenotype.
PubMed: Lack of effect of bioactive-rich extracts of pomegranate, persimmon, nettle, dill, kale and Sideritis and isolated bioactives on platelet function.
PubMed: Flaxseed-derived enterolactone is inversely associated with tumor cell proliferation in men with localized prostate cancer.
PubMed: Real or perceived: the environmental health risks of urban sack gardening in Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya.
PubMed: Thermal-induced changes of kale's antioxidant activity analyzed by HPLC-UV/Vis-online-TEAC detection.
PubMed: Proteome profiling of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seed: characterization of functional metabolic pathways operating during seed development.
PubMed: Comparative analysis of peroxidase profiles in Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra L.): evaluation of leaf growth related isozymes.
PubMed: New insights into antioxidant activity of Brassica crops.
PubMed: The association of consumption of fruits/vegetables with decreased risk of glaucoma among older African-American women in the study of osteoporotic fractures.
PubMed: Rapid estimation of glucosinolate thermal degradation rate constants in leaves of Chinese kale and broccoli (Brassica oleracea) in two seasons.
PubMed: Antiproliferative effects of fresh and thermal processed green and red cultivars of curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica).
PubMed: Composition and antioxidant activity of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) raw and cooked.
PubMed: Influence of different cultivation methods on carbohydrate and lipid compositions and digestibility of energy of fruits and vegetables.
PubMed: Protocol for an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectral product ion library: development and application for identification of 240 pesticides in foods.
PubMed: The effects of kale (Brassica oleracea ssp. acephala), basil (Ocimum basilicum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as forage material in organic egg production on egg quality.
PubMed: Kale extract increases glutathione levels in V79 cells, but does not protect them against acute toxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide.
PubMed: Inhibitory effects of Broccolini leaf flavonoids on human cancer cells.
PubMed: Microbial synthesis of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) on waste frying oil as low cost carbon source.
PubMed: Effect of hydrothermal processing on phenolic acids and flavonols contents in selected brassica vegetables.
PubMed: Effects of kale ingestion on pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in rats.
PubMed: Detection of central nervous system tissue as bovine spongiform encephalopathy specified risk material in traditional Turkish meat products.
PubMed: Influence of previous experience on the preference, food utilization and performance of Ascia monuste orseis wild larvae (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) for three different hosts.
PubMed: Chemical characterization of Klason lignin preparations from plant-based foods.
PubMed: Effect of technological processing and preservation method on amino acid content and protein quality in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) leaves.
PubMed: Assessment of flubendiamide residues in pigeon pea in different agro-climatic zones of India.
PubMed: Sequence variants of the Phytophthora sojae RXLR effector Avr3a/5 are differentially recognized by Rps3a and Rps5 in soybean.
PubMed: Behavior of flavonols and carotenoids of minimally processed kale leaves during storage in passive modified atmosphere packaging.
PubMed: Cadmium bioavailability from vegetable and animal-based foods assessed with in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell model.
PubMed: The virulence factor PEB4 (Cj0596) and the periplasmic protein Cj1289 are two structurally related SurA-like chaperones in the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni.
PubMed: Let them eat kale: tackling dietary inequality in deprived areas.
PubMed: Bacterial contamination of kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala) along the supply chain in Nairobi and its environment.
PubMed: Characterization, quantification, and yearly variation of the naturally occurring polyphenols in a common red variety of curly kale ( Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica cv. 'Redbor').
PubMed: The influence of forage diets and aging on beef palatability.
PubMed: Carotenoid profiles in provitamin A-containing fruits and vegetables affect the bioefficacy in Mongolian gerbils.
PubMed: Genotypic and climatic influence on the antioxidant activity of flavonoids in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica).
PubMed: Leafy vegetable mix supplementation improves lipid profiles and antioxidant status in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet.
PubMed: Metabolic and bioactivity insights into Brassica oleracea var. acephala.
PubMed: Dry deposition of gaseous radioiodine and particulate radiocaesium onto leafy vegetables.
PubMed: Identification of the phenolic components of collard greens, kale, and Chinese broccoli.
PubMed: Volatile constituents throughout Brassica oleracea L. Var. acephala germination.
PubMed: Oral administration of insulin receptor-interacting lectins leads to an enhancement in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pool of mice.
PubMed: Effect of fasting duration on clinical pathology results in Wistar rats.
PubMed: Copy number variation and transcriptional polymorphisms of Phytophthora sojae RXLR effector genes Avr1a and Avr3a.
PubMed: Characterization and quantification of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. Convar. acephala Var. sabellica) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn.
PubMed: Metabolic profiling and biological capacity of Pieris brassicae fed with kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala).
PubMed: Safety assessment and detection method of genetically modified Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea cv. alboglabra ).
PubMed: Comparison of concentrations of mercury in ambient air to its accumulation by leafy vegetables: an important step in terrestrial food chain analysis.
PubMed: Galactolipids as potential health promoting compounds in vegetable foods.
PubMed: Year rather than farming system influences protein utilization and energy value of vegetables when measured in a rat model.
PubMed: Steam cooking significantly improves in vitro bile acid binding of collard greens, kale, mustard greens, broccoli, green bell pepper, and cabbage.
PubMed: Chemomodulatory action of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) on skin and forestomach papillomagenesis, enzymes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant status in murine model system.
PubMed: [Preventive effects of 4 Se-enriched plants on rat stomach cancer induced by MNNG--3. Se accumulation and distribution in rats of different selenium resources for prevention of stomach cancer].
PubMed: [Control of carotenoid loss in vegetables prepared in a hospital foodservice].
PubMed: Listeriosis is the least of it.
PubMed: Dietary exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in The Netherlands anno 2004.
PubMed: Effect of nutrient mixture and black grapes on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea extract: a human study.
PubMed: [Preventive effects of 4 Se-enriched plants on rat stomach cancer induced by MNNG 2. Safety of different selenium resources for prevention of stomach cancer].
PubMed: Glaucoma risk and the consumption of fruits and vegetables among older women in the study of osteoporotic fractures.
PubMed: [Preventive effects of 4 Se-enriched plants on rat stomach cancer induced by MNNG--1. inhibitary effects of different selenium resources on rat aneuploid cell incidence in mucosal epithelium of gastric antrum].
PubMed: A practical approach to managing the risks of iodine deficiency in flocks using thyroid - weight: birthweight ratios of lambs.
PubMed: Analysis of aflatoxin regulatory factors in serial transfer-induced non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus.
PubMed: Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of indigenous vegetables in the southeast United States: Alabama Collaboration for Cardiovascular Equality Project.
PubMed: Mineral content of traditional leafy vegetables from western Kenya.
PubMed: Autism: transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents.
PubMed: Multi-element survey of allotment produce and soil in the UK.
PubMed: Flow field-flow fractionation-inductively coupled optical emission spectrometric investigation of the size-based distribution of iron complexed to phytic and tannic acids in a food suspension: implications for iron availability.
PubMed: Toxicity of insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies.
PubMed: Oxalic acid does not influence nonhaem iron absorption in humans: a comparison of kale and spinach meals.
PubMed: Fractionation of zein by size exclusion chromatography.
PubMed: Compostability of bioplastic packaging materials: an overview.
PubMed: Dietary lutein modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7).
PubMed: Factors affecting the glucosinolate content of kale (Brassica oleracea acephala group).
PubMed: Structural features and complement-fixing activity of pectin from three Brassica oleracea varieties: white cabbage, kale, and red kale.
PubMed: Enhancement effect study of some organic acids on the calcium availability of vegetables: application of the dynamic in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion method with continuous-flow dialysis.
PubMed: Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs): a new treatment option for myelodysplastic syndromes.
PubMed: Effect of gamma irradiation on the microbiological quality and antioxidant activity of fresh vegetable juice.
PubMed: Regulatory elements in aflatoxin biosynthesis.
PubMed: [Determination of vitamin K in aojiru (green juice) products by HPLC].
PubMed: Kale carotenoids are unaffected by, whereas biomass production, elemental concentrations, and selenium accumulation respond to, changes in selenium fertility.
PubMed: Bitter taste markers explain variability in vegetable sweetness, bitterness, and intake.
PubMed: Risk factors for goiter in primary school girls in Qom city of Iran.
PubMed: Characterization of dietary fiber lignins from fruits and vegetables using the DFRC method.
PubMed: Lutein in selected Canadian crops and agri-food processing by-products and purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography.
PubMed: Diet and bladder cancer: a case-control study.
PubMed: Uptake and degradation of DDT by hairy root cultures of Cichorium intybus and Brassica juncea.
PubMed: Advancing human nutrition without degrading land resources through modeling cropping systems in the Ethiopian highlands.
PubMed: Degradation of malathion, in aqueous extracts of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis).
PubMed: Development of a solid-phase extraction method for determination of pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a in health foods by liquid chromatography.
PubMed: Vegetables, fruits and phytoestrogens in the prevention of diseases.
PubMed: Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content.
PubMed: Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage.
PubMed: DNA-based identification of Brassica vegetable species for the juice industry.
PubMed: Effects of lactulose and lactitol on coliform bacteria and bacterial translocation in the caecum during 72-h starvation in rats.
PubMed: Kale carotenoids remain stable while flavor compounds respond to changes in sulfur fertility.
PubMed: Isotopic labeling and LC-APCI-MS quantification for investigating absorption of carotenoids and phylloquinone from kale (Brassica oleracea).
PubMed: Performance and host preference of Ascia monuste (Lepidoptera, Pieridae).
PubMed: Inhibitory effect of whole strawberries, garlic juice or kale juice on endogenous formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in humans.
PubMed: Volatile N-nitrosamine inhibition after intake Korean green tea and Maesil (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZACC.) extracts with an amine-rich diet in subjects ingesting nitrate.
PubMed: Parasitic and bacterial contamination in collards using effluent from treated domestic wastewater in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
PubMed: Quantitative determination of 13C-labeled and endogenous beta-carotene, lutein, and vitamin A in human plasma.
PubMed: Applying science to changing dietary patterns.
PubMed: Modulation of glyoxalase, glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzymes in the liver, spleen and erythrocytes of mice by dietary administration of fenugreek seeds.
PubMed: Twenty five years of reference material activity at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
PubMed: Food for thought.
PubMed: Analysis of 200 food items for benzo[a]pyrene and estimation of its intake in an epidemiologic study.
PubMed: Content of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables grown at the same site for two years under different climatic conditions.
PubMed: Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods.
PubMed: Content of the flavonols quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol in 25 edible berries.
PubMed: Brassica vegetables and cancer prevention. Epidemiology and mechanisms.
PubMed: Carotene, tocopherol, and ascorbate contents in subspecies of Brassica oleracea.
PubMed: Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of Brassica oleracea.
PubMed: Isolation and structural elucidation of (13Z,13'Z,3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein from marigold flowers, kale, and human plasma.
PubMed: A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women.
PubMed: [Effect of green vegetable on digestive tract absorption of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in rats].
PubMed: The contribution of various foods to intake of vitamin A and carotenoids in The Netherlands.
PubMed: Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk.
PubMed: Growth of and toxin production by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in cooked puréed vegetables at refrigeration temperatures.
PubMed: Bioactive organosulfur phytochemicals in Brassica oleracea vegetables--a review.
PubMed: Health information for the developing world.
PubMed: [Dioxin level of small volume gardeners in Duisburg].
PubMed: [The contamination of feed, fruits and vegetables with benzo(a)pyrene in Land Brandenburg].
PubMed: [Testing of rapeseed with different glucosinolate contents in growing swine--a contribution for the evaluation of native harmful substances in food].
PubMed: Assessment of the genotoxic potential of riboflavin and lumiflavin. A. Effect of metabolic enzymes.
PubMed: Assessment of the genotoxic potential of riboflavin and lumiflavin. B. Effect of light.
PubMed: Atmospheric deposition of trace elements around point sources and human health risk assessment. II. Uptake of arsenic and chromium by vegetables grown near a wood preservation factory.
PubMed: [The analysis of polycyclics in vegetable samples].
PubMed: A procedure for the determination of lead in green vegetables at concentrations down to 1 microgram/kg.
PubMed: Urea enzymatic dialysis procedure for determination of total dietary fiber.
PubMed: Assessment of provitamin A determination by open column chromatography/visible absorption spectrophotometry.
PubMed: Effects of commonly consumed vegetables on hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the mouse.
PubMed: The effect of harvest date on the DOMD, crude protein, SMCO and SCN contents of the lamina, petiole and stem of fodder kale.
PubMed: Bacteriological study of neonatal diarrhoea.
PubMed: [Biological value of fish dishes with added sea kale].
PubMed: Isolation of acholeplasmas and a mycoplasma from vegetables.
PubMed: Bowel habit in a Yoruba rural community: preliminary report.
PubMed: An automated procedure for the estimation of thiocyanate in forage kale.
PubMed: Effects of N-fertilisation on amino acid composition and nutritive value of spinach, kale, caulifower and potatoes.
PubMed: Acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for determining arsenic and selenium in foods: collaborative study. tpart I.
PubMed: Determination of benomyl, carbendazim and 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ab) in plant materials. Part I: Apples, red-currants, grapes, kale and sugar beets.
PubMed: A simple method for the approximate determination of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (kale anaemia factor).
PubMed: Estimation of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (kale anaemia factor) and its distribution among brassica forage and root crops.
PubMed: The use of reference materials in the elemental analysis of biological samples.
PubMed: Thiocyanate content of kale.
PubMed: The goitrogenicity of kale and its relation to thiocyanate content.
PubMed: Effects of glutaraldehyde on the protein loss and photochemical properties of kale chloroplasts: preliminary studies on food conversion.
PubMed: Diazinon residues on field-sprayed kale hydroxydiazinon--a new alteration product of diazinon.
PubMed: [A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SEA KALE DRIED BY VARIOUS METHODS].
PubMed: [CONTENT OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS IN SEMIPRODUCTS PREPARED FROM SEA KALE].
PubMed: [CONTENT OF SOME MINERAL ELEMENTS IN SEMI-PREPARED PRODUCTS MADE OF SEA KALE].
PubMed: Objective and subjective studies on factors affecting toughness and stringiness of kale (Brassica oleracea acephala).
PubMed: Influence of cooking method on ascorbic acid and thiamine contents of four varieties of kale (Brassica oleracea v. acephala).
PubMed: Palatability of kale in relation to cooking procedure and variety.
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