propylene glycol fatty acid esters
propylene glycol mono- and diesters of fats and fatty acids
 
Notes:
Used as a food additive [EAFUS]
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FDA internal no.: 977050-70-6 
Category: emulsifiers, flavoring adjuvants, stabilizers, thickeners
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
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JECFA Food Additive: Propylene Glycol Esters of Fatty Acids
GSFA Codex: Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids (477)
DG SANTE Food Additives: propane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters
FDA Mainterm (SATF):977050-70-6 ; PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONO- AND DIESTERS OF FATS AND FATTY ACIDS
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 136 -- BAKERY PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Bakery Products
Sec. 136.110 Bread, rolls, and buns.


FDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart I--Multipurpose Additives
Sec. 172.856 Propylene glycol mono- and diesters of fats and fatty acids.


FDA PART 173 -- SECONDARY DIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart D--Specific Usage Additives
Sec. 173.340 Defoaming agents.


FDA PART 176 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COMPONENTS
Subpart B--Substances for Use Only as Components of Paper and Paperboard
Sec. 176.170 Components of paper and paperboard in contact with aqueous and fatty foods.
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Physical Properties:
Appearance: white to cream waxy solid or viscous liquid (est)
Assay: 85.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:
 alcohol
 ethyl acetate
Insoluble in:
 water
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
None found
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Suppliers:
 None found
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Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: emulsifiers, flavoring adjuvants, stabilizers, thickeners
Recommendation for propylene glycol fatty acid esters usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for propylene glycol fatty acid esters flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Re-evaluation of propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids (E 477) as a food additive
View page or View pdf
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
Chemidplus: 0977050706
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References:
Pubchem (cas): 977050-70-6
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Other Information:
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): View
FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances:View
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB32494
FooDB: FDB010142
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: View
FAO: Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
None Found
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 not found in nature
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Synonyms:
 fatty acids propylene glycol mono- and diesters
 fatty acids, propylene glycol mono- and diesters
 propane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters
 propylene glycol mono- and diesters of fats and fatty acids
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Articles:
PubMed: Study of O/W micro- and nano-emulsions based on propylene glycol diester as a vehicle for geranic acid.
PubMed: Effects of a single glucocorticoid injection on propylene glycol-treated cows with clinical ketosis.
PubMed: Influence of glucogenic dietary supplementation and reproductive state of dairy cows on the composition of lipids in milk.
PubMed: Effects of propylene glycol on the metabolic status and milk production of dairy buffaloes.
PubMed: In vitro evaluation of transdermal patches of flurbiprofen with ethyl cellulose.
PubMed: Milk fatty acids as possible biomarkers to early diagnose elevated concentrations of blood plasma nonesterified fatty acids in dairy cows.
PubMed: Percutaneous absorption and distribution of organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos) following dermal exposure and decontamination scenarios using in vitro human skin model.
PubMed: Effect of solubilizing agents on mupirocin loading into and release from PEGylated nanoliposomes.
PubMed: In vivo evaluation of an oral self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for leuprorelin.
PubMed: Antimicrobial polyurethane thermosets based on undecylenic acid: synthesis and evaluation.
PubMed: Transdermal permeation of Kaempferia parviflora methoxyflavones from isopropyl myristate-based vehicles.
PubMed: Pretreatment with skin permeability enhancers: importance of duration and composition on the delivery of diclofenac sodium.
PubMed: Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for polyunsaturated (ω-3) oils: formation using a spontaneous emulsification method.
PubMed: Permeability and lipid organization of a novel psoriasis stratum corneum substitute.
PubMed: Formulation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of levodopa transdermal delivery systems.
PubMed: Penetration effect of ostrich oil as a promising vehicle on transdermal delivery of sinomenine.
PubMed: Preparation and characterization of PEG-PPG-PEG copolymer/pregelatinized starch blends for use as resorbable bone hemostatic wax.
PubMed: In vitro-in vivo correlation in skin permeation.
PubMed: Household "HazMat". Pediatric exploratory ingestion of a single-use detergent sac.
PubMed: One-Step Synthesis of W/O and O/W Emulsifiers in the Presence of Surface Active Agents.
PubMed: Effect of chemical permeation enhancers on stratum corneum barrier lipid organizational structure and interferon alpha permeability.
PubMed: Formulation of carbenoxolone for delivery to the skin.
PubMed: Protein transduction domain-containing microemulsions as cutaneous delivery systems for an anticancer agent.
PubMed: The effects of esterified solvents on the diffusion of a model compound across human skin: an ATR-FTIR spectroscopic study.
PubMed: Synthesis and characterization of telechelic oligoethers with terminal cinnamylidene acetic acid moieties.
PubMed: Evaluation of the effect of tacrolimus-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles on psoriasis-like skin inflammation.
PubMed: Transcutaneous immunization system using a hydrotropic formulation induces a potent antigen-specific antibody response.
PubMed: Enhancement of oral bioavailability of fenofibrate by solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems.
PubMed: Influence of penetration enhancer on drug permeation from volatile formulations.
PubMed: Effect of vehicles on the maximum transepidermal flux of similar size phenolic compounds.
PubMed: Development of prilocaine gels for enhanced local anesthetic action.
PubMed: Physicochemical characterization and an injection formulation study of water insoluble ZCVI₄-2, a novel NO-donor anticancer compound.
PubMed: Intrathecal dihydroergotamine inhibits capsaicin-induced vasodilatation in the canine external carotid circulation via GR127935- and rauwolscine-sensitive receptors.
PubMed: [Effects of two different extracts of total saponins from Cicer arietinum on kidney of T2DM rats].
PubMed: Ultrasonography as a diagnostic and prognostic approach in cattle and buffaloes with fatty infiltration of the liver.
PubMed: Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of cefpodoxime proxetil containing tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate.
PubMed: Supplemental feeding with glycerol or propylene glycol of dairy cows in early lactation--effects on metabolic status, body condition, and milk yield.
PubMed: Characterization of semi-solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) of atorvastatin calcium by Raman image spectroscopy and chemometrics.
PubMed: Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channels contribute to reflex cutaneous vasodilation in humans.
PubMed: Rheological, mechanical and adhesive properties of surfactant-containing systems designed as a potential platform for topical drug delivery.
PubMed: Development of bioadhesive transdermal bupivacaine gels for enhanced local anesthetic action.
PubMed: Effects of propylene glycol drenching before and after luteolysis on blood glucose, ovarian steroids and follicular dynamics in heifers.
PubMed: Development of solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) I: use of poloxamer 188 as both solidifying and emulsifying agent for lipids.
PubMed: Amniotic fluid elicits appetitive responses in human newborns: fatty acids and appetitive responses.
PubMed: Effect of hydration on the structure of non aqueous ethyl cellulose/propylene glycol dicaprylate gels.
PubMed: Enhanced Controlled Transdermal Delivery of Mexazolam Using Ethylene-vinyl Acetate.
PubMed: A field trial on the effect of propylene glycol on milk yield and resolution of ketosis in fresh cows diagnosed with subclinical ketosis.
PubMed: Effect of fatty acids on the transdermal delivery of donepezil: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
PubMed: Investigation of microemulsion microstructures and their relationship to transdermal permeation of model drugs: ketoprofen, lidocaine, and caffeine.
PubMed: Enhanced membrane transport of pharmaceutically active protic ionic liquids.
PubMed: Anxiolytic-like effects of human amniotic fluid and its fatty acids in Wistar rats.
PubMed: Application of hydrotropy to transdermal formulations: hydrotropic solubilization of polyol fatty acid monoesters in water and enhancement effect on skin permeation of 5-FU.
PubMed: Efficacy of using multiple open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometers in an odor emission episode investigation at a semiconductor manufacturing plant.
PubMed: Synthesis, characterizations and biocompatibility of alternating block polyurethanes based on P3/4HB and PPG-PEG-PPG.
PubMed: Monitoring the bacterial community of maize silage stored in a bunker silo inoculated with Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri.
PubMed: Influence of chemical permeation enhancers on transdermal permeation of alfuzosin: an investigation using response surface modeling.
PubMed: Effects of vehicles on the percutaneous absorption of donepezil hydrochloride across the excised hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: A validated GC-MS procedure for fast, simple, and cost-effective quantification of glycols and GHB in human plasma and their identification in urine and plasma developed for emergency toxicology.
PubMed: Curative treatment of pelvic arteriovenous malformation--an alternative strategy: transvenous intra-operative embolisation.
PubMed: Enhanced local anesthetic action of mepivacaine from the bioadhesive gels.
PubMed: Improving the topical delivery of zinc phthalocyanine using oleic acid as a penetration enhancer: in vitro permeation and retention.
PubMed: Effects of amines on percutaneous absorption of alendronate.
PubMed: Microbicide excipients can greatly increase susceptibility to genital herpes transmission in the mouse.
PubMed: Improved GC-MS procedure for simultaneous measurement of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid.
PubMed: Design and in vitro evaluation of capsaicin transdermal controlled release cubic phase gels.
PubMed: Transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV-1) channels contribute to cutaneous thermal hyperaemia in humans.
PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of bioadhesive dibucaine gels for enhanced local anesthetic action.
PubMed: Ketorolac trometamol topical formulations: release behaviour, physical characterization, skin permeation, efficacy and gastric safety.
PubMed: Surfactant systems for nasal zidovudine delivery: structural, rheological and mucoadhesive properties.
PubMed: The effect of permeation enhancers on the viscosity and the release profile of transdermal hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel formulations containing diltiazem HCl.
PubMed: In vitro enhancement of lactate esters on the percutaneous penetration of drugs with different lipophilicity.
PubMed: Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose films for prolonged delivery of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine.
PubMed: Temoporfin-loaded liposomes: physicochemical characterization.
PubMed: Investigation on the synergistic effect of a combination of chemical enhancers and modulated iontophoresis for transdermal delivery of insulin.
PubMed: In vitro permeation and in vivo whitening effect of topical hesperetin microemulsion delivery system.
PubMed: Development and in vitro evaluation of surfactant systems for controlled release of zidovudine.
PubMed: Local application of fluvastatin improves peri-implant bone quantity and mechanical properties: a rodent study.
PubMed: Topical delivery of lycopene using microemulsions: enhanced skin penetration and tissue antioxidant activity.
PubMed: Effects of feeding propylene glycol on dry matter intake, lactation performance, energy balance and blood metabolites in early lactation dairy cows.
PubMed: Ruminal and blood responses to propylene glycol during frequent feeding.
PubMed: Biodegradable thermogelling poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]-based block copolymers: micellization, gelation, and cytotoxicity and cell culture studies.
PubMed: Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol in Paenibacillus macerans: metabolic pathways and environmental determinants.
PubMed: Enhanced transdermal controlled delivery of glimepiride from the ethylene-vinyl acetate matrix.
PubMed: Enhanced transdermal delivery of loratadine from the EVA matrix.
PubMed: Preservation of liquid drug preparations for oral administration.
PubMed: Effects of rumen-protected choline and dry propylene glycol on feed intake and blood parameters for Holstein dairy cows in early lactation.
PubMed: Studying the effectiveness of penetration enhancers to deliver retinol through the stratum cornum by in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy.
PubMed: Formulation and evaluation of ubidecarenone transdermal delivery systems.
PubMed: Effect of penetration enhancers on transdermal delivery of propofol.
PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery.
PubMed: Development of the loratadine gel for enhanced transdermal delivery.
PubMed: In vitro permeation of carvedilol through porcine skin: effect of vehicles and penetration enhancers.
PubMed: Successful treatment of sebaceous adenitis in a rabbit with ciclosporin and triglycerides.
PubMed: In vitro evaluation of topical microemulsion of capsaicin free of surfactant.
PubMed: Aqueous solvent system for the solubilization of azole compounds.
PubMed: Ice recrystallization inhibition in ice cream by propylene glycol monostearate.
PubMed: Transdermal delivery of tadalafil. I. Effect of vehicles on skin permeation.
PubMed: Gelation of microemulsions and release behavior of sodium salicylate from gelled microemulsions.
PubMed: Effects of peripartum propylene glycol supplementation on nitrogen metabolism, body composition, and gene expression for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle in dairy cows.
PubMed: Skin permeation enhancement of diclofenac by fatty acids.
PubMed: Effect of peripartum dietary energy supplementation of dairy cows on metabolites, liver function and reproductive variables.
PubMed: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 produces cobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase in metabolosomes and metabolizes 1,2-propanediol by disproportionation.
PubMed: Quercetin in lyotropic liquid crystalline formulations: physical, chemical and functional stability.
PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of diltiazem hydrochloride diffusion-controlled transdermal delivery system.
PubMed: Alkyd-amino resins based on waste PET for coating applications.
PubMed: Topical application of statin affects bone healing around implants.
PubMed: Effect of restricted feeding and monopropylene glycol postpartum on metabolic hormones and postpartum anestrus in grazing dairy heifers.
PubMed: Enhancement of nortriptyline penetration through human epidermis: influence of chemical enhancers and iontophoresis.
PubMed: Development of the ambroxol gels for enhanced transdermal delivery.
PubMed: Nutritional and management strategies for the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cattle.
PubMed: The effects of fatty acids in propylene glycol on the percutaneous absorption of alendronate across the excised hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: Microcompartments for B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation provide protection from DNA and cellular damage by a reactive metabolic intermediate.
PubMed: The effect of feeding propylene glycol to dairy cows during the early postpartum period on follicular dynamics and on metabolic parameters related to fertility.
PubMed: Some considerations about the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance system.
PubMed: In vitro permeation study of hinokitiol: effects of vehicles and enhancers.
PubMed: Pharmacokinetics of formulated tenoxicam transdermal delivery systems.
PubMed: Conjugates of unsaturated fatty acids with propylene glycol as potentially less-irritant skin penetration enhancers.
PubMed: Analgesic synergy between topical opioids and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the mouse model of thermal pain.
PubMed: Formulation optimization of self-emulsifying preparations of puerarin through self-emulsifying performances evaluation in vitro and pharmacokinetic studies in vivo.
PubMed: An integrated pharmacokinetic and imaging evaluation of vehicle effects on solute human epidermal flux and, retention characteristics.
PubMed: Ruminal and intermediary metabolism of propylene glycol in lactating Holstein cows.
PubMed: Ruminal fermentation of propylene glycol and glycerol.
PubMed: Effects of peripartum propylene glycol or fats differing in fatty acid profiles on feed intake, production, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows.
PubMed: Enhanced uptake of glycerol by butyrate treatment in HCT-15 human colon cancer cell line.
PubMed: Hydrolytic degradation and protein release studies of thermogelling polyurethane copolymers consisting of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate], poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(propylene glycol).
PubMed: Hydrogel-thickened microemulsion for topical administration of drug molecule at an extremely low concentration.
PubMed: Effects of penetration enhancers on in vitro permeability of meloxicam gels.
PubMed: Potential mucoadhesive dosage form of lidocaine hydrochloride: II. In vitro and in vivo evaluation.
PubMed: Effect of propylene glycol on ibuprofen absorption into human skin in vivo.
PubMed: Chain-length and solvent dependent morphological changes in sodium soap fibers.
PubMed: Role of peripartum dietary propylene glycol or protected fats on metabolism and early postpartum ovarian follicles.
PubMed: Effect of monopropylene glycol on luteinizing hormone, metabolites, and postpartum anovulatory intervals in primiparous dairy cows.
PubMed: New biodegradable thermogelling copolymers having very low gelation concentrations.
PubMed: Delivery of ethinylestradiol from film forming polymeric solutions across human epidermis in vitro and in vivo in pigs.
PubMed: Free-choice-profile descriptive analysis of sticks with conditioning agents.
PubMed: Phlorizin administration does not attenuate hypophagia induced by intraruminal propionate infusion in lactating dairy cattle.
PubMed: Topical buparvaquone formulations for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
PubMed: PduL is an evolutionarily distinct phosphotransacylase involved in B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium LT2.
PubMed: Characterisation of microemulsions containing orange oil with water and propylene glycol as hydrophilic components.
PubMed: Enhanced transdermal delivery of pranoprofen from the bioadhesive gels.
PubMed: The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus R1094 on the fermentation of corn silage.
PubMed: Design of a transdermal delivery system for aspirin as an antithrombotic drug.
PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) containing atorvastatin.
PubMed: Linkage between cellular communications, energy utilization, and proliferation in metastatic neuroendocrine cancers.
PubMed: Evaluating the influence of deposition conditions on solvation of reactive conducting polymers with neutron reflectivity.
PubMed: Microemulsions as transdermal drug delivery vehicles.
PubMed: Energy balance, metabolic status, and the first postpartum ovarian follicle wave in cows administered propylene glycol.
PubMed: In-vitro transcutaneous delivery of ketoprofen and polyunsaturated fatty acids from a pluronic lecithin organogel vehicle containing fish oil.
PubMed: Impact of formulation excipients on human intestinal transit.
PubMed: Microemulsion-based hydrogel formulation of ibuprofen for topical delivery.
PubMed: Mechanism of hilA repression by 1,2-propanediol consists of two distinct pathways, one dependent on and the other independent of catabolic production of propionate, in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
PubMed: In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Arctium lappa as a phytotherapeutic agent used in intracanal dressings.
PubMed: Structural influence of mono and polyhydric alcohols on the stabilization of collagen.
PubMed: [Anti-adhesive solutions, better knowledge for better use].
PubMed: Limonene GP1/PG organogel as a vehicle in transdermal delivery of haloperidol.
PubMed: Effect of vehicles and enhancers on the topical delivery of cyclosporin A.
PubMed: An aqueous-organic two-phase bioprocess for efficient production of the natural aroma chemicals 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate with yeast.
PubMed: Oleic acid as optimizer of the skin delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid in photodynamic therapy.
PubMed: Solubilization of two structurally related anticancer drugs: XK-469 and PPA.
PubMed: The antithrombotic action of propylene glycol mannite sulfate (PGMS).
PubMed: [Effect of penetration enhancers on the transdermal penetration of sinomenine liposome patch].
PubMed: Novel mucoadhesive oral patch containing diazepam.
PubMed: Amphiphilic transdermal permeation enhancers: structure-activity relationships.
PubMed: Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows' milk.
PubMed: Effect of sucrose fatty acid esters on transdermal permeation of lidocaine and ketoprofen.
PubMed: [Effects of different penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of lappaconitine gel in vitro].
PubMed: A rheological investigation of the self-assembly and adsorption behavior of a surfactant salt.
PubMed: Bioavailability of seocalcitol I: Relating solubility in biorelevant media with oral bioavailability in rats--effect of medium and long chain triglycerides.
PubMed: Transcutaneous delivery of levodopa: enhancement by fatty acid synthesis inhibition.
PubMed: An attempt to clarify the influence of glycerol, propylene glycol, isopropyl myristate and a combination of propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate on human stratum corneum.
PubMed: Buccal permeation of buspirone: mechanistic studies on transport pathways.
PubMed: Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for propylene glycol monomethyl ether and its acetate in rats and humans.
PubMed: Skin permeation of physostigmine from fatty acids-based formulations: evaluating the choice of solvent.
PubMed: Comparing the synergistic effects of oleic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide as vehicles for optical clearing of skin tissue in vitro.
PubMed: Effects of propylene glycol on carcass traits and its related gene expression in Korean native steers.
PubMed: Analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, DL-lactic acid, glycolic acid, ethylene glycol and other glycols in body fluids by a direct injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for wide use.
PubMed: New vehicle based on a microemulsion for topical ocular administration of dexamethasone.
PubMed: Effects of vehicle on the uptake and elimination kinetics of capsaicinoids in human skin in vivo.
PubMed: Peripartal propylene glycol supplementation and metabolism, animal health, fertility, and production in dairy cows.
PubMed: Effects of dietary glucogenic precursors and fat on feed intake and carbohydrate status of transition dairy cows.
PubMed: A study of microemulsion systems for transdermal delivery of triptolide.
PubMed: Transdermal delivery of ketorolac tromethamine: effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers.
PubMed: Production and blood parameters of Holstein cows treated prepartum with sodium monensin or propylene glycol.
PubMed: Synchrotron FT-IR microscopic study of chemical enhancers in transdermal drug delivery: example of fatty acids.
PubMed: Transdermal delivery of ondansetron hydrochloride: effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers.
PubMed: Transdermal delivery of phosphorodiamidate Morpholino oligomers across hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: Solubilizing excipients in oral and injectable formulations.
PubMed: Temporal dynamics and degradation activity of an bacterial inoculum for treating waste metal-working fluid.
PubMed: Role of solvent in interactions between fatty acids-based formulations and lipids in porcine stratum corneum.
PubMed: Improving microdialysis extraction efficiency of lipophilic eicosanoids.
PubMed: Effects of fatty acids and iontophoresis on the delivery of midodrine hydrochloride and the structure of human skin.
PubMed: Protein charge-state distributions in electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry do not appear to be limited by the surface tension of the solvent.
PubMed: Effect of calcium-energy supplements on calving-related disorders, fertility and milk yield during the transition period in cows fed anionic diets.
PubMed: Drug release from Kollicoat SR 30D-coated nonpareil beads: evaluation of coating level, plasticizer type, and curing condition.
PubMed: Effects of propylene glycol or fat drench on plasma metabolites, liver composition, and production of dairy cows during the periparturient period.
PubMed: Allergic contact dermatitis from propylene glycol ricinoleate in a lipstick.
PubMed: [Simultaneous analysis of four kinds of emulsifiers in beverages by GC/MS].
PubMed: Minoxidil-containing dosage forms: skin retention and after-rinsing hair-growth promotion.
PubMed: Preparation of polyol esters based on vegetable and animal fats.
PubMed: Propylene glycol monomethyl ether occupational exposure (PGME). 4. Analysis of 2-methoxypropionic acid in urine.
PubMed: Propionyl coenzyme A is a common intermediate in the 1,2-propanediol and propionate catabolic pathways needed for expression of the prpBCDE operon during growth of Salmonella enterica on 1,2-propanediol.
PubMed: Keratolytic activity of microemulsions.
PubMed: Effect of nutrient limitation on product formation during continuous fermentation of xylose with Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus JW200 Fe(7).
PubMed: Microemulsions for dermal drug delivery studied by dynamic light scattering: effect of interparticle interactions in oil-in-water microemulsions.
PubMed: Significance of 2-methoxypropionic acid formed from beta-propylene glycol monomethyl ether: integration of pharmacokinetic and developmental toxicity assessments in rabbits.
PubMed: Examination of the mechanism of oleic acid-induced percutaneous penetration enhancement: an ultrastructural study.
PubMed: Amino acid catabolism and generation of volatiles by lactic acid bacteria.
PubMed: Comparison of the enzymatic stability and intraocular pressure effects of 2-arachidonylglycerol and noladin ether, a novel putative endocannabinoid.
PubMed: Metabolism of propionate and 1,2-propanediol absorbed from the washed reticulorumen of lactating cows.
PubMed: Calcium-alginate gel bead cross-linked with gelatin as microcarrier for anchorage-dependent cell culture.
PubMed: Effect of vehicles and enhancers on the in vitro permeation of melatonin through hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: In-vitro release and transdermal fluxes of a highly lipophilic drug and of enhancers from matrix TDS.
PubMed: Metabolic responses of transition Holstein cows fed anionic salts and supplemented at calving with calcium and energy.
PubMed: Transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs: in vitro fluxes of antiestrogens, permeation enhancers, and solvents from liquid formulations.
PubMed: Effect of permeation enhancer pretreatment on the iontophoresis of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through human epidermal membrane (HEM).
PubMed: Development of an ethyl laurate-based microemulsion for rapid-onset intranasal delivery of diazepam.
PubMed: Oleic acid, a skin penetration enhancer, affects Langerhans cells and corneocytes.
PubMed: Lactobacillus diolivorans sp. nov., a 1,2-propanediol-degrading bacterium isolated from aerobically stable maize silage.
PubMed: Effect of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of tenoxicam through hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: In vitro percutaneous absorption of tenoxicam from pressure-sensitive adhesive matrices across the hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: Short-term oral administration of a product derived from a probiotic, Clostridium butyricum induced no pathological effects in rats.
PubMed: Effects of propylene glycol drenching on energy balance, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, ovarian function and conception in dairy cows.
PubMed: Final report on the safety assessment of Arnica montana extract and Arnica montana.
PubMed: Fate and toxicity of aircraft deicing fluid additives through anaerobic digestion.
PubMed: Combined effect of oleic acid and propylene glycol on the percutaneous penetration of tenoxicam and its retention in the skin.
PubMed: Characterization of the influence of polyol fatty acid esters on the permeation of diclofenac through rat skin.
PubMed: Effects of topical anandamide-transport inhibitors, AM404 and olvanil, on intraocular pressure in normotensive rabbits.
PubMed: Comparison of impact of the different hydrophilic carriers on the properties of piperazine-containing drug.
PubMed: Evaluation of creams and ointments as suitable formulations for peldesine.
PubMed: Developing porosity of poly(propylene glycol-co-fumaric acid) bone graft substitutes and the effect on osteointegration: a preliminary histology study in rats.
PubMed: Propylene glycol toxicosis in a llama.
PubMed: Effects of vehicles and enhancers on transdermal delivery of melatonin.
PubMed: Monohydroxylation and esterification as determinants of the effects of cis- and trans-9-octadecenoic acids on the permeation of hydrocortisone and 5-fluorouracil across hairless mouse skin in vitro.
PubMed: Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1, 2-propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri.
PubMed: Etiology of fatty liver in dairy cattle: effects of nutritional and hormonal status on hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein.
PubMed: Effect of skin pretreatment with fatty acids on percutaneous absorption and skin retention of piroxicam after its topical application.
PubMed: Use of electroporation to accelerate the skin permeability enhancing action of oleic acid.
PubMed: Microdialysis sampling coupled to HPLC for transdermal delivery study of ondansetron hydrochloride in rats.
PubMed: In vitro/in vivo characterization of a tramadol HCl depot system composed of monoolein and water.
PubMed: Effect of penetration enhancers on isosorbide dinitrate penetration through rat skin from a transdermal therapeutic system.
PubMed: Effects of follicular status at treatment on follicular development and ovulation in response to FSH in Spanish merino ewes.
PubMed: Structural and functional effects of oleic acid and iontophoresis on hairless mouse stratum corneum.
PubMed: Percutaneous transport of diclofenac sodium from mixtures of fatty alcohol (or fatty acid) and propylene glycol through the rabbit abdominal skin.
PubMed: Rat model for renal effects of 2-alkoxyalcohols and their acetates.
PubMed: Hyperglycemic effect of a neurotoxic fraction (F3) from Naja haje venom: role of hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA).
PubMed: On the suitability of fiberglass reinforced polyester as building material for mesocosms.
PubMed: Frozen/thawed platelets: importance of osmotic tolerance and platelet subpopulations.
PubMed: Enhancement of propylene glycol distribution in the skin by high purity cis-unsaturated fatty acids with different alkyl chain lengths having different double bond position.
PubMed: Cloud point of nonionic surfactants: modulation with pharmaceutical excipients.
PubMed: In vivo human skin permeability enhancement by oleic acid: a laser Doppler velocimetry study.
PubMed: Codiffusion of propylene glycol and dimethyl isosorbide in hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: Effect of cod-liver oil extract on the buccal permeation of ergotamine tartrate.
PubMed: Studies of regulation of expression of the propionate (prpBCDE) operon provide insights into how Salmonella typhimurium LT2 integrates its 1,2-propanediol and propionate catabolic pathways.
PubMed: Influence of propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of diclofenac sodium from carbopol gels.
PubMed: Alcohol and acid formation during the anaerobic decomposition of propylene glycol under methanogenic conditions.
PubMed: Fermentation of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol and 2,3-butanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae.
PubMed: Enhanced transdermal delivery of AZT (Zidovudine) using iontophoresis and penetration enhancer.
PubMed: Prevention of intestinal adhesions after laparotomy in a rat model--a randomized prospective study.
PubMed: Skin penetration enhancing action of cis-unsaturated fatty acids with omega-9, and omega-12-chain lengths.
PubMed: Anti-inflammatory benefits of tilmicosin in calves with Pasteurella haemolytica-infected lungs.
PubMed: In vivo human skin barrier modulation by topical application of fatty acids.
PubMed: Combined effect of ampicillin, colistin and dexamethasone administered intramuscularly to dairy cows on the clinico-pathological course of E. coli-endotoxin mastitis.
PubMed: Synergistic effect of iontophoresis and a series of fatty acids on LHRH permeability through porcine skin.
PubMed: Topical delivery of keloid therapeutic drug, tranilast, by combined use of oleic acid and propylene glycol as a penetration enhancer: evaluation by skin microdialysis in rats.
PubMed: Heparin absorption across the intestine: effects of sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate in rat in situ intestinal instillations and in Caco-2 monolayers.
PubMed: Optimal ratios of topical stratum corneum lipids improve barrier recovery in chronologically aged skin.
PubMed: Effect of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of methotrexate and edatrexate through hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: Biomonitoring of technical grade 1-alkoxy-2-propanol acetates by analysing urinary 2-alkoxypropionic acids.
PubMed: Analysis of phase composition in aqueous two-phase systems using a two-column chromatographic method: Application to lactic acid production by extractive fermentation.
PubMed: Effect of method of delivery of propylene glycol on plasma metabolites of feed-restricted cattle.
PubMed: Acute lung injury induced by a commercial leather conditioner.
PubMed: In vitro human skin barrier modulation by fatty acids: skin permeation and thermal analysis studies.
PubMed: cobB function is required for catabolism of propionate in Salmonella typhimurium LT2: evidence for existence of a substitute function for CobB within the 1,2-propanediol utilization (pdu) operon.
PubMed: The effects of permeabilizers on the in vitro penetration of propranolol through porcine buccal epithelium.
PubMed: Effect of permeation enhancers on the release of ketoprofen through transdermal drug delivery systems.
PubMed: Kinetic study of cutaneous and subcutaneous distribution following topical application of [7,8-14C]rac-alpha-lipoic acid onto hairless mice.
PubMed: Effect of polyol fatty acid esters on diclofenac permeation through rat skin.
PubMed: Microscopic FT-IR/DSC system used to simultaneously investigate the conversion process of protein structure in porcine stratum corneum after pretreatment with skin penetration enhancers.
PubMed: [Effect of enhancers on the permeation of ketoprofen in vitro].
PubMed: DNA polymerase I function is required for the utilization of ethanolamine, 1,2-propanediol, and propionate by Salmonella typhimurium LT2.
PubMed: Increased norfloxacin skin permeability for fatty alcohol propylene glycol (FAPG) ointment by optimized process of preparation: behavior of stearic acid in stratum corneum lipids.
PubMed: Effect of PGML excipient mixture in a transdermal system on the in vitro transport of estradiol across skin.
PubMed: Glutathione is required for maximal transcription of the cobalamin biosynthetic and 1,2-propanediol utilization (cob/pdu) regulon and for the catabolism of ethanolamine, 1,2-propanediol, and propionate in Salmonella typhimurium LT2.
PubMed: Contact allergy to neopentyl glycol di-iso-octanoate.
PubMed: Chemical hydrolysis of phospholipids.
PubMed: Accumulation of lauric acid in skin as an enhancer for the percutaneous absorption of thiamine disulfide.
PubMed: Isolation and characterization of a thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum thermosapovorans sp. nov.
PubMed: Behavior of propylene glycol (PG) in dermis after treatment of rat intact skin surface with fatty acids, fatty amines or azone dissolved in PG.
PubMed: Seborrhoeic dermatitis and Pityrosporum yeasts.
PubMed: [Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin: effect of penetration enhancers on blood glucose level in diabetic rats].
PubMed: Prevention of bovine ketosis with glucogenic substance and its effect on fertility in Finnish dairy cows.
PubMed: Analysis of [3H]estradiol-17beta metabolites in calf perirenal fat.
PubMed: Effect of propylene glycol dosage during feed restriction on metabolites in blood of prepartum Holstein heifers.
PubMed: Absorption and metabolism of hydrocortisone 21-butyrate, 21-hemisuccinate and hydrocortisone by skin of the rabbit ear during single-pass perfusion.
PubMed: Vehicle effects on in vitro percutaneous absorption through rat and human skin.
PubMed: Assay of the enantiomers of 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,3-pentanediol, and the corresponding hydroxyacids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed: Effect of fatty acid on the accumulation of thiamine disulfide in rat skin.
PubMed: Tubal sterilization by selective catheterization in an animal model.
PubMed: Modification by propylene glycol of ovulation rate in ewes in response to a single injection of FSH.
PubMed: Management of acute radiodermatitis. Pharmacological or nonpharmacological remedies?
PubMed: Effect of prepartum propylene glycol administration on periparturient fatty liver in dairy cows.
PubMed: Differential patterns of epidermal leukocyte infiltration in patch test reactions to structurally unrelated chemical irritants.
PubMed: Effects of oleic acid/propylene glycol on rat abdominal stratum corneum: lipid extraction and appearance of propylene glycol in the dermis measured by Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) spectroscopy.
PubMed: In vitro percutaneous absorption of thiamine disulfide through rat skin from a mixture of propylene glycol and fatty acid or its analog.
PubMed: In vitro percutaneous absorption of thiamine disulfide from a mixture of propylene glycol and fatty acid.
PubMed: Studies of in vitro skin permeation and retention of a leukotriene antagonist from topical vehicles with a hairless guinea pig model.
PubMed: Effects of fatty acids, fatty amines and propylene glycol on rat stratum corneum lipids and proteins in vitro measured by fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflection (FT-IR/ATR) spectroscopy.
PubMed: Improved transdermal delivery of prostaglandin E1 through hairless mouse skin: combined use of carboxymethyl-ethyl-beta-cyclodextrin and penetration enhancers.
PubMed: Role of calcium and arachidonic acid metabolites in creatine kinase release from isolated rat skeletal muscles damaged by organic cosolvents.
PubMed: In vitro studies of intestinal drug absorption. Determination of partition and distribution coefficients with brush border membrane vesicles.
PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of Eudragit gels. I: Eudragit organogels containing drugs as rectal sustained-release preparations.
PubMed: Evaluation of the primary skin irritation and allergic contact sensitization potential of transdermal triprolidine.
PubMed: Effects of energy balance on hepatic capacity for oleate and propionate metabolism and triglyceride secretion.
PubMed: A quick-mixed aluminum hematoxylin stain.
PubMed: Transdermal oxymorphone formulation development and methods for evaluating flux and lag times for two skin permeation-enhancing vehicles.
PubMed: Percutaneous penetration enhancement in vivo measured by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed: Contributions of drug solubilization, partitioning, barrier disruption, and solvent permeation to the enhancement of skin permeation of various compounds with fatty acids and amines.
PubMed: Percutaneous absorption of indomethacin from mixtures of fatty alcohol and propylene glycol (FAPG bases) through rat skin: effects of oleic acid added to FAPG base.
PubMed: Intravenous injection of propylene glycol causes pulmonary hypertension in sheep.
PubMed: Transdermal delivery of 5-fluorouracil through skin of hairless mice and humans in vitro: a comparison of the effect of formulations and a prodrug.
PubMed: Epidermal damage induced by irritants in man: a light and electron microscopic study.
PubMed: The preparation of acetic acid for use in otic drops and its effect on endocochlear potential and pH in inner ear fluid.
PubMed: Structure/effect studies of fatty acid isomers as skin penetration enhancers and skin irritants.
PubMed: Effects of propylene glycol on redox state of the perfused rat liver--a note of caution.
PubMed: Effect of oleic acid on diffusion of drugs through hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: Effect of 3-methylindole on the plasma and lung concentrations of prostaglandins and thromboxane B2 in goats.
PubMed: Effect of choline esters and oleic acid on the penetration of acyclovir, estradiol, hydrocortisone, nitroglycerin, retinoic acid and trifluorothymidine across hairless mouse skin in vitro.
PubMed: Micellar solubilization of timobesone acetate in aqueous and aqueous propylene glycol solutions of nonionic surfactants.
PubMed: Action of penetration enhancers on human skin as assessed by the permeation of model drugs 5-fluorouracil and estradiol. I. Infinite dose technique.
PubMed: Prostacyclin and thromboxane formation following chronic exposure to cigarette smoke condensate administered via osmotic pumps in rats. A method for chronic administration of particulates of whole smoke.
PubMed: Percutaneous absorption of nicardipine and ketorolac in rhesus monkeys.
PubMed: Ethanol and its novel metabolites inhibit insulin action on adipocytes.
PubMed: Hairless mouse skin is limited as a model for assessing the effects of penetration enhancers in human skin.
PubMed: Percutaneous absorption of indomethacin from mixtures of fatty alcohol and propylene glycol (FAPG bases) through rat skin: effects of fatty acid to FAPG base.
PubMed: Effect of penetration enhancers on the permeation of mannitol, hydrocortisone and progesterone through human skin.
PubMed: Metabolic changes in lipids of rat plasma and hepatocytes induced by 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol treatment.
PubMed: The effect of vehicle on the diffusion of salicylic acid through hairless mouse skin.
PubMed: Development of an objective comedogenicity assay.
PubMed: Use of a combination of propylene glycol and niacin for subclinical ketosis.
PubMed: The production of 1,2-propanediol in ethanol treated rats.
PubMed: Effect of fatty acids and alcohols on the penetration of acyclovir across human skin in vitro.
PubMed: Adverse drug reactions in the newborn.
PubMed: Sterol carrier protein 2 and fatty acid-binding protein. Separate and distinct physiological functions.
PubMed: Increased skin permeability for lipophilic molecules.
PubMed: Comedogenicity of current therapeutic products, cosmetics, and ingredients in the rabbit ear.
PubMed: The acute toxicity of perfluorooctanoic and perfluorodecanoic acids in male rats and effects on tissue fatty acids.
PubMed: Nanosecond fluorescence anisotropy decays of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles with regard to isotropic solvents.
PubMed: Protection from oxygen-induced seizures by clonazepam and propylene glycol.
PubMed: The effect of cosmetic vehicles on the penetration of N-nitrosodiethanolamine through excised human skin.
PubMed: Appearance of chemically treated root canal walls in the scanning electron microscope.
PubMed: Is propylene glycol an inert substance?
PubMed: Synthesis of various kinds of esters by four microbial lipases.
PubMed: Allergy to ingredients of vehicles.
PubMed: An evaluation in rats of nutritional status and reproduction performance post oral contraceptive therapy.
PubMed: Nutritional application and implication of 1,3-butanediol.
PubMed: [Allergy against components of medical and cosmetic external preparations. Polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexantriole].
PubMed: Contact dermatitis from stearyl alcohol and propylene glycol in fluocinonide cream.
PubMed: Oral contraceptive-alpha-tocopherol interrelationships.
PubMed: Ethoxylated glycerol and propylene glycol glycoside palmitates from lactose.
PubMed: Anticoagulant activity of glycol analogs of phosphatidylserine.
PubMed: [The effect of orally administered glycogenic substance to dairy cows. 3. Oral treatment for ketosis with a combination of Na propionate, glycerol and propylene glycol in moderate doses].
PubMed: [The effect of orally administered glycogenic substance to dairy cows. I. Na propionate, glycerol and propylene glycol to healthy, normally fed cows].
PubMed: Hydrolysis of fully esterified alcohols containing from one to eight hydroxyl groups by the lipolytic enzymes of rat pancreatic juice.
PubMed: [Glucose and ketone body levels in the blood of cows during late pregnancy and at the initiation of lactation, as well as their modification through 1,2 propanediol (propylene glycol)].
PubMed: Metabolism of stearoyl propylene glycol hydrogen succinate.
PubMed: A chromatographic method for the analysis of propylene glycol fatty acid esters in shortenings containing mono- and diglycerides.
PubMed: A TREATMENT FOR SEBORRHEA CAPITIS (CRADLE CAP).
PubMed: An investigation of the in vivo hydrolysis and absorption of propylene glycol distearate.
PubMed: Studies on absorption and metabolism of propylene glycol distearate.
PubMed: Propylene glycol dipropionate (a new fungicide); preliminary report.
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