citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol
citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides
 
Notes:
Used as a food additive [EAFUS] Used as a food additive [EAFUS]
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FDA internal no.: 977093-28-9 
Category: stabilizers, emulsifiers, dough conditioners, antioxidant synergists
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
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 FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices:
GRN 222 Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides View - notice PDF
GRN 511 Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides View - notice PDF
EU SANCO Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids View - review
GRN 899 Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides View - notice PDF
JECFA Food Additive: Citric and Fatty Acid Esters of Glycerol
GSFA Codex: Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol (472c)
DG SANTE Food Additives: citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides
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Physical Properties:
Appearance: ivory oily or waxy (est)
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Soluble in:
 oils
 fats
Insoluble in:
 alcohol
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
None found
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Suppliers:
Austrade
Citric Acid Ester (Sodium Citrate)
Flavor: characteristic
In solid form (flakes), based on fully hydrogenated palm oil for low fat margarines, meat emulsions, or seasoning blends. In liquid form, based on sunflower oil for flavors and low fat margarines.
Graham Chemical
Citric And Fatty Acid Esters Of Glycerol
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Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: stabilizers, emulsifiers, dough conditioners, antioxidant synergists
Recommendation for citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
Chemidplus: 0977093289
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References:
Pubchem (cas): 977093-28-9
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Other Information:
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): Search
FooDB: FDB009900
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: View
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
None Found
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 not found in nature
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Synonyms:
 citric acid ester (sodium citrate)
 citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides
 citroglycerides
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Articles:
PubMed: In vitro digestion of citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM) and CITREM-containing infant formula/emulsions.
PubMed: Lipid and citric Acid production by wild yeasts grown in glycerol.
PubMed: Contributions of citrate in redox potential maintenance and ATP production: metabolic pathways and their regulation in Lactobacillus panis PM1.
PubMed: Citron and lemon under the lens of HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy.
PubMed: Increased flavour diversity of Chardonnay wines by spontaneous fermentation and co-fermentation with Hanseniaspora vineae.
PubMed: Differential metabolite profiles during fruit development in high-yielding oil palm mesocarp.
PubMed: Crude glycerol as glycogenic precursor in feed; effects on milk coagulation properties and metabolic profiles of dairy cows.
PubMed: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia.
PubMed: Identification of informative metabolic responses using a minibioreactor: a small step change in the glucose supply rate creates a large metabolic response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
PubMed: Microbial utilization of crude glycerol for the production of value-added products.
PubMed: Targeted enhancement of glutamate-to-γ-aminobutyrate conversion in Arabidopsis seeds affects carbon-nitrogen balance and storage reserves in a development-dependent manner.
PubMed: Acute administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract modulates energetic metabolism in skeletal muscle and BAT mitochondria.
PubMed: Bioconversion of crude glycerol to glycolipids in Ustilago maydis.
PubMed: Quantification of unadsorbed protein and surfactant emulsifiers in oil-in-water emulsions.
PubMed: A field study on characteristics and diversity of gene expression in the liver of dairy cows during the transition period.
PubMed: Monitoring differences in gene expression levels and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 grown on different carbon sources.
PubMed: High-yield production of citric acid by Yarrowia lipolytica on glycerol in repeated-batch bioreactors.
PubMed: Preparation and properties of a novel biodegradable polyester elastomer with functional groups.
PubMed: Pursuit of oxidation behavior for conjugated polyenoyl glycerols and establishment of their novel oxidation prevention method.
PubMed: Study on the control of the compositions and properties of a biodegradable polyester elastomer.
PubMed: Isolation and physiological characterization of Bacillus clausii SKAL-16 isolated from wastewater.
PubMed: Polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation by a Serratia sp.
PubMed: Retooling Leishmania metabolism: from sand fly gut to human macrophage.
PubMed: [Synthesis citric and isocitric acids by Yarrowia lipolytica during yeasts growth on rapeseed oils].
PubMed: When transcriptome meets metabolome: fast cellular responses of yeast to sudden relief of glucose limitation.
PubMed: The acute effects of different sources of dietary calcium on postprandial energy metabolism.
PubMed: Mitochondrial transporters involved in oleic acid utilization and glutamate metabolism in yeast.
PubMed: Monochloroacetic acid inhibits liver gluconeogenesis by inactivating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
PubMed: Metabolic profile of long-distance migratory flight and stopover in a shorebird.
PubMed: New functions for parts of the Krebs cycle in procyclic Trypanosoma brucei, a cycle not operating as a cycle.
PubMed: Oxygen- and glucose-dependent regulation of central carbon metabolism in Pichia anomala.
PubMed: Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants.
PubMed: Impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in mouse livers lacking cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
PubMed: Thermodynamic and functional properties of legumin (11S globulin from Vicia faba) in the presence of small-molecule surfactants: effect of temperature and pH.
PubMed: Glucose production pathways by 2H and 13C NMR in patients with HIV-associated lipoatrophy.
PubMed: Accumulation of a cocoa-butter-like lipid by Yarrowia lipolytica cultivated on agro-industrial residues.
PubMed: beta-Cell adaptation to insulin resistance. Increased pyruvate carboxylase and malate-pyruvate shuttle activity in islets of nondiabetic Zucker fatty rats.
PubMed: Chemical and biochemical transformations during the industrial process of sherry vinegar aging.
PubMed: Lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol in a single-stage continuous culture.
PubMed: Elucidation of the quantitative significance of pyruvate carboxylation in cultured cerebellar neurons and astrocytes.
PubMed: An integrated (2)H and (13)C NMR study of gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle flux in humans.
PubMed: In a medium containing glucose, lactate carbon is incorporated by gonococci predominantly into fatty acids and glucose carbon incorporation is increased: implications regarding lactate stimulation of metabolism.
PubMed: Comparison of caffeine and theophylline ingestion: exercise metabolism and endurance.
PubMed: Global regulatory mutations in csrA and rpoS cause severe central carbon stress in Escherichia coli in the presence of acetate.
PubMed: Isolation of a Histoplasma capsulatum cDNA that complements a mitochondrial NAD(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit I-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
PubMed: Cytoplasmic redox potential affects energetics and contractile reactivity of vascular smooth muscle.
PubMed: Physiological characterization of a microbial sensor containing the yeast Arxula adeninivorans LS3.
PubMed: Growth of yeasts in milk and associated changes to milk composition.
PubMed: Metabolic effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on rat brown adipose tissue.
PubMed: The influence of sodium chloride and pH on the growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4.
PubMed: Gamma-poly(glutamic acid) formation by Bacillus licheniformis 9945a: physiological and biochemical studies.
PubMed: Contribution to control of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by supplement of reducing equivalents.
PubMed: Relationship between the stimulation of citric acid cycle oxidation and the stimulation of fatty acid esterification and inhibition of ketogenesis by lactate in isolated rat hepatocytes.
PubMed: A multinuclear magnetic resonance study of a cls11 mutant showing the Pet- phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
PubMed: Control of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels in rat macrophages by glucose and phorbol ester.
PubMed: Quantitative analysis of intermediary metabolism in rat hepatocytes incubated in the presence and absence of ethanol with a substrate mixture including ketoleucine.
PubMed: The effect of citrate loading on exercise performance, acid-base balance and metabolism.
PubMed: Metabolic changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lacking citrate synthases.
PubMed: Microcalorimetric determination of the kinetics of substrate utilisation by non-growing suspensions of Neisseria sicca.
PubMed: Nutritional design for repletion of liver and muscle glycogen during endurance exercise without inhibiting lipolysis.
PubMed: [Regulators of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in rat liver mitochondria].
PubMed: Inhibition of lipid synthesis by beta beta'-tetramethyl-substituted, C14-C22, alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in cultured rat hepatocytes.
PubMed: Roles of acetate and its interactions with glucose and lactate in cow mammary tissue.
PubMed: Glucose metabolism and its regulation in pieces of perirenal adipose tissue from foetal lambs.
PubMed: Glucose metabolism and effect of acetate in ovine adipocytes.
PubMed: Substrate-selective maintenance of tissue K+ in perfused rat kidney.
PubMed: Chronic valproate administration produces hepatic dysfunction and may delay brain maturation in infant mice.
PubMed: The effects of specific lipogenic substrates and metabolic inhibitors on de novo fatty acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes from chow-fed female rats.
PubMed: Effect of 2,3-dinitrilo-1,4-dithia-9,10-anthraquinone on Mycobacterium smegmatis.
PubMed: Flavoprotein-linked substrate oxidation in preparations of hamster brown adipocytes. A discrimination between internally and externally oxidized substrates.
PubMed: Analysis of the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider, Atrax robustus using gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
PubMed: Oxidation of substrates by host grown Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium and by in vitro grown mycobacteria cultured from human armadillo and murine lepromas.
PubMed: Influence of nitrate on fermentation pattern, molar growth yields and synthesis of cytochrome b in Propionibacterium pentosaceum.
PubMed: The effect of tryptophan administration on fatty acid synthesis in the liver of the fasted normal rat.
PubMed: Lipogenesis in rabbit isolated fat-cells.
PubMed: Increased gluconeogenic substrates in the small-for-gestational-age infant.
PubMed: Lipogenesis from lactate in rat adipose tissue.
PubMed: Succinic acid production by yeasts grown under different hypoxic conditions.
PubMed: Sporulation synchrony of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in various carbon sources.
PubMed: Carbohydrate metabolism in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
PubMed: Biosynthesis of glutamic acid in Saccharomyces: accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in a glutamate auxotroph.
PubMed: Metabolism of isolated kidney tubules. Additive effects of parathyroid hormone and free-fatty acids on renal gluconeogenesis.
PubMed: Prevention of ethanol-mediated redox-changes in mouse liver by sodium-diethylbarbiturate.
PubMed: Metabolic activity of purified suspensions of Mycobacterium lepraemurium.
PubMed: Effects of phenazine methosulfate on glucose metabolism in rat adipose tissue.
PubMed: The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the level of metabolic intermediates in Escherichia coli.
PubMed: The regulation of ketogenesis from oleic acid and the influence of antiketogenic agents.
PubMed: Regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in Escherichia coli on adaptation to acetate.
PubMed: The regulation of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in rat epididymal adipose tissue.
PubMed: The regulation of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Effects of altered dietary and hormonal conditions.
PubMed: Renal gluconeogenesis: effects of parathyroid hormone and dibutyryl 3',5'-AMP.
PubMed: The intracellular localization of enzymes in white-adipose-tissue fat-cells and permeability properties of fat-cell mitochondria. Transfer of acetyl units and reducing power between mitochondria and cytoplasm.
PubMed: Utilization of ketone bodies by adipose tissue and its regulation by carbohydrate metabolism.
PubMed: Growth and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis mutants blocked in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
PubMed: The pyruvate cycle in adipose tissue.
PubMed: Comparative intermediary metabolism of vegetative cells and microcysts of Myxococcus xanthus.
PubMed: Studies of the metabolism of human spermatozoa.
PubMed: Metabolism of pyruvate by rat adipose tissue in vitro.
PubMed: [Metabolic aspects of essential obesity. Pyruvate load].
PubMed: Biosynthesis of alpha-isopropylmalic and citric acids in Acetobacter suboxydans.
PubMed: THE INCORPORATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE INTO MILK CITRATE IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED GOAT UDDER.
PubMed: LOCATION OF THE STRUCTURAL GENE FOR CITRATE SYNTHASE ON THE CHROMOSOME OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K12.
PubMed: GLUCOSE CATABOLISM BY BACILLUS POPILLIAE AND BACILLUS LENTIMORBUS.
PubMed: METABOLISM OF FRUCTOSE BY ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND THE EFFECT OF INSULIN.
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