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Category: natural substances and extractives
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | colorless to pale yellow clear oily liquid (est) |
| Assay: | 98.00 to 100.00 %
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| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Boiling Point: | 429.00 to 430.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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| Flash Point: | 309.00 °F. TCC ( 153.89 °C. )
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| logP (o/w): | 12.188 (est) |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol | | | water, 6.646e-010 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
| Insoluble in: |
| | water |
Organoleptic Properties:
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| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
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| Hazards identification |
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| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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| Pictogram | |
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| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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| Dermal Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | natural substances and extractives |
| Recommendation for squalene usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
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| Recommendation for squalene flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
| EPI System: | View |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: | Search |
| AIDS Citations: | Search |
| Cancer Citations: | Search |
| Toxicology Citations: | Search |
| EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 638072 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
| | 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene |
| Chemidplus: | 0000111024 |
References:
| | 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Pubchem (cid): | 638072 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134974713 |
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| 2,6,10,15,19,23- | hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene | | 2,6,10,15,19,23- | hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene | | | skvalen | | | spinacene | | | supraene |
Articles:
| PubMed: | Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and protective effect against acute ethanol-induced hepatic injury in mice of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) bran oil. |
| J-Stage: | Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a Accummulates High Amounts of Squalene |
| PubMed: | Cholesterol metabolism and serum non-cholesterol sterols: summary of 13 plant stanol ester interventions. |
| PubMed: | The anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis on Drosophila melanogaster and SAMP8 mice. |
| PubMed: | Online LC-GC-based analysis of minor lipids in various tree nuts and peanuts. |
| PubMed: | Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase gene from Poria cocos and its up-regulation by methyl jasmonate. |
| PubMed: | A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of squalene-containing adjuvant in human vaccines. |
| PubMed: | Enhancement of skin radical scavenging activity and stratum corneum lipids after the application of a hyperforin-rich cream. |
| PubMed: | The impact of fruit maturation on bioactive microconstituents, inhibition of serum oxidation and inflammatory markers in stimulated PBMCs and sensory characteristics of Koroneiki virgin olive oils from Messenia, Greece. |
| PubMed: | Nutritional evaluation and health promoting activities of nuts and seeds cultivated in Greece. |
| PubMed: | Evaluation of γ-oryzanol content and composition from the grains of pigmented rice-germplasms by LC-DAD-ESI/MS. |
| PubMed: | Genotoxicity assessment of vaccine adjuvant squalene. |
| PubMed: | The revival of Amaranth as a third-millennium food. |
| PubMed: | A novel approach to enhancing ganoderic acid production by Ganoderma lucidum using apoptosis induction. |
| PubMed: | Formulated squalene for food related applications. |
| PubMed: | Effect of baking of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and frying of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) in olive and sunflower oil on their quality. |
| PubMed: | Discrimination against diacylglycerol ethers in lipase-catalysed ethanolysis of shark liver oil. |
| PubMed: | Novel bio-active lipid nanocarriers for the stabilization and sustained release of sitosterol. |
| PubMed: | Lignans and triterpenes from the root of Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. atropurpureum. |
| PubMed: | Analytical evaluation of two monovarietal virgin olive oils cultivated in the south of Tunisia: Jemri-Bouchouka and Chemlali-Tataouin cultivars. |
| PubMed: | Recovery of squalene from wine lees using ultrasound assisted extraction-a feasibility study. |
| PubMed: | Enhanced production of ganoderic acids and cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum using solid-medium culture. |
| PubMed: | Efficacy of bioactive compounds from extra virgin olive oil to modulate atherosclerosis development. |
| PubMed: | Flavonoids with potent antioxidant activity found in young green barley leaves. |
| PubMed: | Squalene ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions through the reduction of CD36 scavenger receptor expression in macrophages. |
| PubMed: | Bioactive compounds and nutritional significance of virgin argan oil--an edible oil with potential as a functional food. |
| PubMed: | Valuable Nutrients and Functional Bioactives in Different Parts of Olive (Olea europaea L.)-A Review. |
| PubMed: | Investigation of unsaponifiable matter of plant oils and isolation of eight phytosterols by means of high-speed counter-current chromatography. |
| PubMed: | Lipid composition of wine strains of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at low temperature. |
| PubMed: | Biological importance and applications of squalene and squalane. |
| PubMed: | Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract in an antigen-induced arthritis rat model. |
| PubMed: | The influence of bearing cycles on olive oil quality response to irrigation. |
| PubMed: | Ethnobotanical survey, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of the root bark of Annona cuneata Oliv. |
| PubMed: | Enhanced squalene production by wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using safe chemical means. |
| PubMed: | Modulation of doxorubicin-induced genotoxicity by squalene in Balb/c mice. |
| PubMed: | MF59 adjuvant enhances diversity and affinity of antibody-mediated immune response to pandemic influenza vaccines. |
| PubMed: | The effect of consecutive steps of refining on squalene content of vegetable oils. |
| PubMed: | Farnesyl pyrophosphate regulates adipocyte functions as an endogenous PPARγ agonist. |
| PubMed: | An unusual plant triterpene synthase with predominant α-amyrin-producing activity identified by characterizing oxidosqualene cyclases from Malus × domestica. |
| PubMed: | New hydrothermal treatment of alperujo enhances the content of bioactive minor components in crude pomace olive oil. |
| PubMed: | Influence of harvest method and period on olive oil composition: an NMR and statistical study. |
| PubMed: | Squalene as novel food factor. |
| PubMed: | On the effects of a plant extract of Orthosiphon stamineus on sebum-related skin imperfections. |
| PubMed: | gamma-Tocotrienol reduces squalene hydroperoxide-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT keratinocytes. |
| PubMed: | Characterization of a potential nutraceutical ingredient: pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil unsaponifiable fraction. |
| PubMed: | Enhanced production of squalene in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium mangrovei by medium optimization and treatment with terbinafine. |
| PubMed: | Cytoprotective effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid or squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injury: an experimental study on rat myocardium, testicles and urinary bladder. |
| PubMed: | High throughput screening of mutants of oat that are defective in triterpene synthesis. |
| PubMed: | Observations on squalene accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the manipulation of HMG2 and ERG6. |
| PubMed: | Optimization of nitrogen source for enhanced production of squalene from thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. |
| PubMed: | Vaccines with MF59 adjuvant expand the antibody repertoire to target protective sites of pandemic avian H5N1 influenza virus. |
| PubMed: | Cloning and characterization of the lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase gene from Antrodia cinnamomea. |
| PubMed: | Analysis of sterol and other components present in unsaponifiable matters of mahua, sal and mango kernel oil. |
| PubMed: | 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic detection of the adulteration of extra virgin olive oils extracted from different cultivars with cold-pressed hazelnut oil. |
| PubMed: | Squalene protects against oxidative DNA damage in MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells but not in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. |
| PubMed: | Novel fractionation method for squalene and phytosterols contained in the deodorization distillate of rice bran oil. |
| PubMed: | [Culture of transgenic Glycyrrhiza uralensis hairy root with licorice squalene synthase (SQS) gene]. |
| PubMed: | Terpene-mediated parasitoid host location behavior on transgenic and classically bred apple genotypes. |
| PubMed: | Synthesis and characterization of a structured lipid from amaranth oil as a partial fat substitute in milk-based infant formula. |
| PubMed: | Gingival vascular damage in atherosclerotic rabbits: hydroxytyrosol and squalene benefits. |
| PubMed: | Squalene versus ergosterol formation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae: combined effect of oxygen supply, inoculum size, and fermentation time on yield and selectivity of the bioprocess. |
| PubMed: | Improved separation and quantification of neutral and polar lipid classes by HPLC-ELSD using a monolithic silica phase: application to exceptional marine lipids. |
| PubMed: | Characterization and quantification of the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction during linseed development ( Linum usitatissimum L.). |
| PubMed: | [The oil, fatty acid and squalene content of varieties of raw and processed amaranth grain]. |
| PubMed: | Screening and characterization of squalene-producing thraustochytrids from Hong Kong mangroves. |
| PubMed: | Plant stanol ester spreads as components of a balanced diet for pregnant and breast-feeding women: evaluation of clinical safety. |
| PubMed: | Processing stability of squalene in amaranth and antioxidant potential of amaranth extract. |
| PubMed: | Chemical characterization and DNA tracking of Sardinian botargo by Mugil cephalus from different geographical origins. |
| PubMed: | Lipase catalyzed synthesis of neutral glycerides rich in micronutrients from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate. |
| PubMed: | Chemical composition of Greek avgotaracho prepared from mullet (Mugil cephalus): nutritional and health benefits. |
| PubMed: | Comparison of the skin sensitizing potential of unsaturated compounds as assessed by the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). |
| PubMed: | Isolation and structural determination of squalene synthase inhibitor from Prunus mume fruit. |
| PubMed: | Supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation of nonesterified alkoxyglycerols obtained from shark liver oil. |
| PubMed: | [Changes in lipid metabolism in patients in the active phase of Crohn's disease]. |
| PubMed: | How heating affects extra virgin olive oil quality indexes and chemical composition. |
| PubMed: | Synthesis and antifungal activity of a series of N-substituted [2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)]propylamines. |
| PubMed: | Molecular mechanisms of the effects of olive oil and other dietary lipids on cancer. |
| PubMed: | Ion-trap tandem mass spectrometric analysis of squalene monohydroperoxide isomers in sunlight-exposed human skin. |
| PubMed: | Exudation of allelopathic substances in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). |
| PubMed: | Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. |
| PubMed: | Cholesterol synthesis prevails over absorption in metabolic syndrome. |
| PubMed: | [Virgin olive oil. From legend to scientific knowledge of the nutraceutical aspects]. |
| PubMed: | Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet. |
| PubMed: | Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. |
| PubMed: | Moderate increase in dietary sucrose does not influence fasting or postprandial serum lipids regardless of the presence of apolipoprotein E2 allele in healthy subjects. |
| PubMed: | Cardioprotective effect of squalene on lipid profile in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. |
| PubMed: | Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts. |
| PubMed: | Protection against Western diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in liver fatty acid-binding protein knockout mice. |
| PubMed: | Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new (2E,6E)-10-(dimethylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-decadien-1-ol ethers as inhibitors of human and Trypanosoma cruzi oxidosqualene cyclase. |
| PubMed: | Analysis of unsaponifiable compounds of edible oils by automated on-line coupling reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. |
| PubMed: | Distribution of Vitamin E, squalene, epicatechin, and rutin in common buckwheat plants (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). |
| PubMed: | [Functional components in fish and algae oils]. |
| PubMed: | Polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism in the Mediterranean diet. |
| PubMed: | Components of olive oil and chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. |
| PubMed: | Effect of the difference in vehicles on gene expression in the rat liver--analysis of the control data in the Toxicogenomics Project Database. |
| PubMed: | Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of squalene in oil samples. |
| PubMed: | Race is on for flu vaccine. |
| PubMed: | New phenylenediamine antiozonants for commodities based on natural and synthetic rubber. |
| PubMed: | Variation of chemical composition of the lipophilic extracts from yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) foliage. |
| PubMed: | Relation between the endogenous antioxidant system and the quality of extra virgin olive oil under accelerated storage conditions. |
| PubMed: | Comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of Amaranthus cruentus flour and its protein concentrate. |
| PubMed: | Analysis of minor components in olive oil. |
| PubMed: | A real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method for rapid and specific detection of spoilage Alicyclobacillus spp. in apple juice. |
| PubMed: | Countercurrent supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of high-added-value compounds from a hexane extract of olive leaves. |
| PubMed: | Analysis of gene expression in the bovine corpus luteum through generation and characterisation of 960 ESTs. |
| PubMed: | Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut. |
| PubMed: | Influence of agronomic variables on the composition of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) extracts obtained from CO2 extraction at 30 degrees C and 175 bar. |
| PubMed: | Extraction and characterization of volatile compounds in Maytenus ilicifolia, using high-pressure CO2. |
| PubMed: | Fatty acid composition and squalene content of the marine microalga Schizochytrium mangrovei. |
| PubMed: | Squalene in oils and fats from domestic and commercial fryings of potatoes. |
| PubMed: | Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and squalene from amaranthus grain. |
| PubMed: | Oil and squalene in amaranthus grain and leaf. |
| PubMed: | Antioxidant effect of phenolic compounds, alpha-tocopherol, and other minor components in virgin olive oil. |
| PubMed: | Phytonutrient deficiency: the place of palm fruit. |
| PubMed: | Triacylglycerol and fatty acid compositions of French virgin olive oils. Characterization by chemometrics. |
| PubMed: | Consumption of argan oil (Morocco) with its unique profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic compounds should confer valuable cancer chemopreventive effects. |
| PubMed: | Effect of squalene and shark liver oil on serum cholesterol level in hamsters. |
| PubMed: | 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid, a noradrenalin metabolite with powerful antioxidative potential. |
| PubMed: | Rate of degradation of alpha-tocopherol, squalene, phenolics, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in olive oil during different storage conditions. |
| PubMed: | Squalene content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa leaves and seeds. |
| PubMed: | Determination of esters of fatty acids with low molecular weight alcohols in olive oils. |
| PubMed: | Olive oil as a functional food: epidemiology and nutritional approaches. |
| PubMed: | Biological properties of olive oil phytochemicals. |
| PubMed: | Phytosterol content in American ginseng seed oil. |
| PubMed: | Stability of virgin olive oil. 2. Photo-oxidation studies. |
| PubMed: | Stability of virgin olive oil. 1. Autoxidation studies. |
| PubMed: | Extraction and purification of squalene from amaranthus grain. |
| PubMed: | Interpretation of Fourier transform Raman spectra of the unsaponifiable matter in a selection of edible oils. |
| PubMed: | Changes in lipids and sterols during composting. |
| PubMed: | Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: effect on plasma lipids. |
| PubMed: | An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets. |
| PubMed: | Phenolic compounds and squalene in olive oils: the concentration and antioxidant potential of total phenols, simple phenols, secoiridoids, lignansand squalene. |
| PubMed: | First report of the characterization of the threatened plant species Amaranthus pumilus (Seabeach amaranth). |
| PubMed: | Unsaponifiable lipid constituents of some underutilized tropical seed oils. |
| PubMed: | On the role of squalene in olive oil stability. |
| PubMed: | Increased carotenoid production by the food yeast Candida utilis through metabolic engineering of the isoprenoid pathway. |
| PubMed: | Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis is not accompanied by a change in fatty acid composition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with the antifungal agent 6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole. |
| PubMed: | Amaranth and its oil inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in 6-week-old female chickens. |
| PubMed: | Inhibition of sterol 4-demethylation in Candida albicans by 6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole, a novel mechanism of action for an antifungal agent. |
| PubMed: | Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of cholesterol, phytosterols and tocopherols in foods. |
| PubMed: | Regulation of squalene synthetase activity in rat liver: elevation by cholestyramine, but no diurnal variation. |
| PubMed: | [Studies on therapeutic effect of 13-cis retinoic acid and squalene on symptoms of PCDFs poisoning in monkeys]. |
| PubMed: | Biochemical controls of liver cholesterol biosynthesis. |
| PubMed: | The composition of a simulated American diet. Comparison of chemical analyses and estimates from food composition tables. |
| PubMed: | Measurement of squalene in human tissues and plasma: validation and application. |
| PubMed: | Quantitative changes in some unsaponifiable components of soya bean oil due to refining. |
| PubMed: | Model studies in terpene biosynthesis. |
| PubMed: | Hydrocarbons in digestive tract and liver of a basking shark. |
| PubMed: | VITAMIN A AND ISOPRENOID SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT. |
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