alpha-carotene
(all-E)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-(3,7,12,1-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaenyl) cyclohexene
 
Notes:
Widespread carotenoid, e.g. in carrots and palm oil. Has vitamin A activity but less than that of b-Carotene Apha-carotene is one of the primary isomer of carotene. plasma levels of alpha-carotene is positively associated with the detection rate of (theaflatoxin B1)AFB1-DNA adducts in a dose-dependent manner, whereas plasma lycopene level was inversely related to the presence of the adducts in urine.(PMID: 9214602)
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CAS Number: 432-70-2Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Other: 52646-96-5
Beilstein Number: 2067408
XlogP3-AA: 13.60 (est)
Molecular Weight: 536.88632000
Formula: C40 H56
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
Category: nutrient supplements
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
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 FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices:
GRN 320 Palm oil-derived carotenoids with ß-carotene, a-carotene, ?-carotene, and lycopene View - notice PDF
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Physical Properties:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 644.00 to  645.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 646.00 °F. TCC ( 341.20 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 15.138 (est)
Soluble in:
 water, 1.384e-013 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in:
 water
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
None found
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Suppliers:
Kalsec
Alpha-Carotene Natural
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Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: nutrient supplements
Recommendation for alpha-carotene usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for alpha-carotene flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of mixed carotenes (E 160a (i)) and beta-carotene (E 160a (ii)) as a food additive
View page or View pdf
EPI System: View
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 4369188
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohex
Chemidplus: 0000432702
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References:
 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohex
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid): 4369188
Pubchem (sid): 135079359
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI: View
Golm Metabolome Database: Search
KEGG (GenomeNet): C05433
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB03993
FooDB: FDB013716
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: View
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider: View
Wikipedia: View
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
None Found
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 asparagus
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 asparagus plant
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 avocado fruit
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 banana fruit
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 blueberry fruit
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 broccoli asparagus broccoli plant
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 cantaloupe fruit
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 carrot
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 carrot root
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 cayenne fruit
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 corn
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 corn seed
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 cranberry fruit
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 ginkgo biloba tissue culture
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 grape fruit
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 loquat fruit
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 mandarin fruit
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 orange fruit
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 orange pericarp
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 palm oil
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 papaya leaf
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 pea seed
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 pepper bell pepper fruit
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 peppermint leaf
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 persimmon
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 potato tuber
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 raspberry red raspberry fruit
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 spinach leaf
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 tomato
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Synonyms:
a-carotene
all-trans-a-carotene
all-trans-alpha-carotene
beta,epsilon-carotene
(all-E)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-(3,7,12,1-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaenyl) cyclohexene
1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaen-1-yl]cyclohexene
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Articles:
PubMed: Higher serum carotenoid concentrations associated with a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults.
PubMed: Colour and carotenoid changes of pasteurised orange juice during storage.
PubMed: Storage at low temperature differentially affects the colour and carotenoid composition of two cultivars of banana.
PubMed: Antioxidant micronutrients and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in the Women's Health Initiative cohort.
PubMed: Total dietary antioxidant capacity, individual antioxidant intake and breast cancer risk: The Rotterdam study.
PubMed: Higher intake of carotenoid is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese adults: a case-control study.
PubMed: Effect of processing conditions on the content of cis/trans carotene isomers as provitamin A carotenoids in Korean sweet potato varieties.
PubMed: Skin carotenoids: a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake in children.
PubMed: Impact of daily Chlorella consumption on serum lipid and carotenoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
PubMed: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) carotenoids & lycopenes chemistry; Metabolism, absorption, nutrition and allied health claims- A comprehensive review.
PubMed: Avocado consumption enhances human postprandial provitamin A absorption and conversion from a novel high-β-carotene tomato sauce and from carrots.
PubMed: Effect of UV-C radiation on bioactive compounds of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) by-products.
PubMed: Adolescent carotenoid intake and benign breast disease.
PubMed: Both genetic and dietary factors underlie individual differences in DNA damage levels and DNA repair capacity.
PubMed: Serum carotenoid levels and risk of lung cancer death in US adults.
PubMed: Carotenoid stability in fruits, vegetables and working standards - effect of storage temperature and time.
PubMed: High-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the analysis of carotenoids in tomato fruit: validation and comparative evaluation towards UV-VIS and tandem mass spectrometry.
PubMed: Serum lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease mortality in older adults.
PubMed: Complement c3 is inversely associated with habitual intake of provitamin A but not with dietary fat, fatty acids, or vitamin E in middle-aged to older white adults and positively associated with intake of retinol in middle-aged to older white women.
PubMed: Relationship between vegetable and carotene intake and risk of prostate cancer: the JACC study.
PubMed: Food predictors of plasma carotenoids.
PubMed: Foods, nutrients and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer.
PubMed: Antimetastatic effects of α-carotene and possible mechanisms of action in human hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells.
PubMed: Chlorella is an effective dietary source of lutein for human erythrocytes.
PubMed: Protective effects of dietary carotenoids on risk of hip fracture in men: the Singapore Chinese Health Study.
PubMed: Summer (subarctic) versus winter (subtropic) production affects spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf bionutrients: vitamins (C, E, Folate, K1, provitamin A), lutein, phenolics, and antioxidants.
PubMed: Dietary intake of phytonutrients in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption in Korea.
PubMed: Fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with lower risk of bladder cancer among women in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.
PubMed: Characterization of 12 Capsicum varieties by evaluation of their carotenoid profile and pungency determination.
PubMed: Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography/photo-diode array detection for the quantitation of carotenoids, retinyl esters, α-tocopherol and phylloquinone in chylomicron-rich fractions of human plasma.
PubMed: Nutrients from fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer.
PubMed: LED illumination affects bioactive compounds in romaine baby leaf lettuce.
PubMed: Interactions of β-lactoglobulin variants A and B with Vitamin A. Competitive binding of retinoids and carotenoids.
PubMed: Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and overall survival in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
PubMed: Blood antioxidant and oxidative stress biomarkers acute responses to a 1000-m kayak sprint in elite male kayakers.
PubMed: Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire among pregnant women in a Mediterranean area.
PubMed: A simple HPLC method for the comprehensive analysis of cis/trans (Z/E) geometrical isomers of carotenoids for nutritional studies.
PubMed: Carotenoid intake and risk of colorectal adenomas in a cohort of male health professionals.
PubMed: Dietary, anthropometric, and lifestyle correlates of serum carotenoids in postmenopausal women.
PubMed: Assessment of phytochemical content in human milk during different stages of lactation.
PubMed: [Carotenoid data base to assess dietary intake of carotenes, xanthophyls and vitamin A; its use in a comparative study of vitamin A nutritional status in young adults].
PubMed: Influence of exogenously applied abscisic acid on carotenoid content and water uptake in flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis).
PubMed: β-Carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 single nucleotide polymorphisms in relation to plasma carotenoid and retinol concentrations in women of European descent.
PubMed: [Serum retinol and carotenoid of rural infants and young children in Linyi of Shangdong Province and analysis on their related influencing dietary factors].
PubMed: Metabolite profiling of phenolic and carotenoid contents in tomatoes after moderate-intensity pulsed electric field treatments.
PubMed: Dietary intakes of carotenoids and other nutrients in the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Italy.
PubMed: Consumer preferences for maize products in urban Kenya.
PubMed: The association of consumption of fruits/vegetables with decreased risk of glaucoma among older African-American women in the study of osteoporotic fractures.
PubMed: Carotenoid bioaccessibility from nine raw carotenoid-storing fruits and vegetables using an in vitro model.
PubMed: Phytonutrient intake by adults in the United States in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption.
PubMed: Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans.
PubMed: An improved high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry method for determination of carotenoids and their precursors phytoene and phytofluene in human serum.
PubMed: Carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expression during fruit development in novel interspecific inbred squash lines and their parents.
PubMed: Determination of carotenoids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), an Amazonian fruit.
PubMed: Serum carotenoids and pulmonary function in older community-dwelling women.
PubMed: Provitamin A carotenoids are independently associated with matrix metalloproteinase-9 in plasma samples from a general population.
PubMed: High pressure homogenization increases the in vitro bioaccessibility of α- and β-carotene in carrot emulsions but not of lycopene in tomato emulsions.
PubMed: Vitamin A status of 20- to 59-year-old adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area, Korea.
PubMed: Characterisation of antioxidant compounds in sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under organic and conventional growing systems.
PubMed: The effect of lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich foods v. supplements on macular pigment level and serological markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidation: pilot studies in healthy volunteers.
PubMed: Differences in the carotenoid content of ketchups and gazpachos through HPLC/ESI(Li(+) )-MS/MS correlated with their antioxidant capacity.
PubMed: Carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer defined by estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 18 prospective cohort studies.
PubMed: Effect of orange juice's processing on the color, particle size, and bioaccessibility of carotenoids.
PubMed: Dietary antioxidant intake is associated with the prevalence but not incidence of age-related hearing loss.
PubMed: Carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of commonly consumed leafy vegetables in Mediterranean countries.
PubMed: [Serum carotenoid concentrations in some Chinese adults from urban, suburban and rural communities].
PubMed: Number of natural and prosthetic teeth impact nutrient intakes of older adults in the United States.
PubMed: Changes in carotenoids during processing and storage of pumpkin puree.
PubMed: Carotenoid composition in Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz as determined by HPLC-MS and affected by freeze-drying and hot-air-drying.
PubMed: Racial differences in correlations between reported dietary intakes of carotenoids and their concentration biomarkers.
PubMed: A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD.
PubMed: Preparation of carotenoids and chlorophylls from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino and their antiproliferation effect on hepatoma cell.
PubMed: Reliability and validity of food frequency questionnaire and nutrient biomarkers in elders with and without mild cognitive impairment.
PubMed: Relationship between plasma carotenoids, fruit and vegetable intake, and plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase activity in women: different in health and disease?
PubMed: Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.
PubMed: β-Cryptoxanthin- and α-carotene-rich foods have greater apparent bioavailability than β-carotene-rich foods in Western diets.
PubMed: Redox-modulatory vitamins and minerals that prospectively predict mortality in older British people: the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over.
PubMed: Dietary consumption of antioxidant nutrients and risk of incident cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
PubMed: Relationship of serum carotenoids and retinol with anaemia among pre-school children in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam.
PubMed: Carotenoid profiles in provitamin A-containing fruits and vegetables affect the bioefficacy in Mongolian gerbils.
PubMed: Antioxidant intake and risks of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in women.
PubMed: Antioxidant role of plasma carotenoids in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.
PubMed: Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of pancreatic cancer: an Italian case-control study.
PubMed: Nutritional, physical, and sensory evaluation of hydroponic carrots (Daucus carota L.) from different nutrient delivery systems.
PubMed: Bioavailability of strawberry antioxidants in human subjects.
PubMed: Critical assessment of three high performance liquid chromatography analytical methods for food carotenoid quantification.
PubMed: Effect of retorting and oven cooking on the nutritional properties of beef frankfurters blended with palm oils.
PubMed: Consumption of vegetables, fruit, and antioxidants during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in infants.
PubMed: Biochemical validation of food frequency questionnaire-estimated carotenoid, alpha-tocopherol, and folate intakes among African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study.
PubMed: Antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and damage in elite trained kayakers and canoeists and sedentary controls.
PubMed: Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress is Greater in Korean Patients with Coronary Artery Disease than Healthy Subjects.
PubMed: High dietary antioxidant intakes are associated with decreased chromosome translocation frequency in airline pilots.
PubMed: Antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and damage in elite kayakers after 1 year of training and competition in 2 seasons.
PubMed: Antioxidant intake from fruits, vegetables and other sources and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the Iowa Women's Health Study.
PubMed: Antioxidants do not prevent postexercise peroxidation and may delay muscle recovery.
PubMed: Thermal sensitivity of some plantain micronutrients during deep-fat frying.
PubMed: Validity of dietary patterns to assess nutrient intake adequacy.
PubMed: Site-specific concentrations of carotenoids in adipose tissue: relations with dietary and serum carotenoid concentrations in healthy adults.
PubMed: The kiwifruit lycopene beta-cyclase plays a significant role in carotenoid accumulation in fruit.
PubMed: Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies.
PubMed: Evaluation of an FFQ for assessment of antioxidant intake using plasma biomarkers in an ethnically diverse population.
PubMed: Food frequency questionnaire is a valid tool in the nutritional assessment of Brazilian women of diverse ethnicity.
PubMed: Neighbourhood ethnic composition and diet among Mexican-Americans.
PubMed: Intake of plant foods and associated nutrients in prostate cancer risk.
PubMed: Application of visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) to determine carotenoid contents in banana (Musa spp.) fruit pulp.
PubMed: Plasma micronutrient status is improved after a 3-month dietary intervention with 5 daily portions of fruits and vegetables: implications for optimal antioxidant levels.
PubMed: Protective effect of total carotenoid and lycopene intake on the risk of hip fracture: a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study.
PubMed: Serum lipid and antioxidant responses in hypercholesterolemic men and women receiving plant sterol esters vary by apolipoprotein E genotype.
PubMed: Inverse association of carotenoid intakes with 4-y change in bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study.
PubMed: Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans.
PubMed: Serum carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations vary by dietary pattern among African Americans.
PubMed: Validation of overweight children's fruit and vegetable intake using plasma carotenoids.
PubMed: Sex and seasonal variations of plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and carotenoid concentrations in Japanese dietitians.
PubMed: Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and gastric cancer risk: an Italian case-control study.
PubMed: Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography-based assay for carotenoids in human red blood cells: application to clinical studies.
PubMed: Dietary intake of carotenoid isomers in Israel.
PubMed: Comparison of nutritional traits variability in selected eighty-seven inbreds from Chinese maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm.
PubMed: Tangerine tomatoes increase total and tetra-cis-lycopene isomer concentrations more than red tomatoes in healthy adult humans.
PubMed: Dietary intake of carotenoids and retinol and endometrial cancer risk in an Italian case-control study.
PubMed: [Several carotenoids of vegetable determinated by high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed: Vitamin A inadequacy observed in a group of 2- to 6-year-old children living in Kwangju, Republic of Korea.
PubMed: Dietary intakes of selected nutrients and food groups and risk of cervical cancer.
PubMed: No differences in DNA damage and antioxidant capacity between intervention groups of healthy, nonsmoking men receiving 2, 5, or 8 servings/day of vegetables and fruit.
PubMed: Insights into the ethnic differences in serum ferritin between black and white US adult men.
PubMed: Effects of carrot and tomato juice consumption on faecal markers relevant to colon carcinogenesis in humans.
PubMed: Both alpha- and beta-carotene, but not tocopherols and vitamin C, are inversely related to 15-year cardiovascular mortality in Dutch elderly men.
PubMed: Carotenoid intakes, assessed by food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs), are associated with serum carotenoid concentrations in the Jackson Heart Study: validation of the Jackson Heart Study Delta NIRI Adult FFQs.
PubMed: Beta-carotene isomer composition of sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide extracts. Antioxidant activity measurement.
PubMed: Carotenoids and color of fruit juice and milk beverage mixtures.
PubMed: Intake of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients and early age-related maculopathy lesions.
PubMed: Carotenoid and vitamin intake, von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations and sporadic renal cell carcinoma.
PubMed: Plasma and dietary carotenoids are associated with reduced oxidative stress in women previously treated for breast cancer.
PubMed: Impact of fatty acyl composition and quantity of triglycerides on bioaccessibility of dietary carotenoids.
PubMed: Content and in-vitro accessibility of pro-vitamin A carotenoids from Sri Lankan cooked non-leafy vegetables and their estimated contribution to vitamin A requirement.
PubMed: Evaluation of different coloured carrot cultivars on antioxidative capacity based on their carotenoid and phenolic contents.
PubMed: Enhancing the carotenoid content of Brassica napus seeds by downregulating lycopene epsilon cyclase.
PubMed: Carotenoids in white- and red-fleshed loquat fruits.
PubMed: Intake of vitamin A-rich foods and lung cancer risk in Taiwan: with special reference to garland chrysanthemum and sweet potato leaf consumption.
PubMed: Metabolic engineering of novel ketocarotenoid production in carrot plants.
PubMed: Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.
PubMed: Systemic levels of carotenoids from mangoes and papaya consumed in three forms (juice, fresh and dry slice).
PubMed: Relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire used in the Inter99 study.
PubMed: Urine flavonoids and plasma carotenoids in the validation of fruit, vegetable and tea intake during pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).
PubMed: Comparison of the uptake and secretion of carotene and xanthophyll carotenoids by Caco-2 intestinal cells.
PubMed: Qualitative and quantitative differences in carotenoid composition among Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita pepo.
PubMed: Preparation and characterization of standard reference material 3276, carrot extract in oil.
PubMed: Dietary carotenoids and risk of breast cancer in Chinese women.
PubMed: Cholesterol and iron availability in yolk of laying hens feed with annatto ( Bixa orellana).
PubMed: Influence of habitual diet on antioxidant status: a study in a population of vegetarians and omnivores.
PubMed: Vitamin A, retinol, and carotenoids and the risk of gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study.
PubMed: The effect of an increased intake of vegetables and fruit on weight loss, blood pressure and antioxidant defense in subjects with sleep related breathing disorders.
PubMed: Pigments in avocado tissue and oil.
PubMed: Diet and cancer.
PubMed: Prospective study of vitamins C, E, and A and carotenoids and risk of oral premalignant lesions in men.
PubMed: Dietary carotenoids and risk of colorectal cancer in a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies.
PubMed: Carotenoid and vitamin content of Karat and other Micronesian banana cultivars.
PubMed: Reduction in estimated vitamin A intake induced by new food composition tables in Japan, where vitamin A is taken mostly from plant foods.
PubMed: Micronutrients and the risk of renal cell cancer: a case-control study from Italy.
PubMed: Carotenoid and tocopherol estimates from the NCI diet history questionnaire are valid compared with multiple recalls and serum biomarkers.
PubMed: Bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E from their main dietary sources.
PubMed: Cocoa flavanol-enriched snack bars containing phytosterols effectively lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
PubMed: Intake of vitamin A and carotenoids from the Italian population--results of an Italian total diet study.
PubMed: Increases in plasma carotenoid concentrations in response to a major dietary change in the women's healthy eating and living study.
PubMed: The long and winding road of diet and breast cancer prevention.
PubMed: Evaluation of analytical methods for carotenoid extraction from biofortified maize (Zea mays sp.).
PubMed: Carotenoid content of pandanus fruit cultivars and other foods of the Republic of Kiribati.
PubMed: Intake of the major carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.
PubMed: Protection against esophageal cancer in rodents with lyophilized berries: potential mechanisms.
PubMed: Qualitative methods to evaluate Mediterranean diet in adults.
PubMed: Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy.
PubMed: Intakes of selected nutrients, foods, and phytochemicals and prostate cancer risk in western New York.
PubMed: Improved high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
PubMed: Dietary habits are major determinants of the plasma antioxidant status in healthy elderly subjects.
PubMed: Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of intake of fruits and vegetables: individual-level correlations in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
PubMed: Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of intake of fruits and vegetables: ecological-level correlations in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
PubMed: An improved HPLC method for determination of carotenoids in human serum.
PubMed: Evaluation of three dietary assessment methods and serum biomarkers as measures of fruit and vegetable intake, using the method of triads.
PubMed: Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elders from Massachusetts have different patterns of carotenoid intake and plasma concentrations.
PubMed: Evaluation of brief dietary questions to estimate vegetable and fruit consumption - using serum carotenoids and red-cell folate.
PubMed: Extraction and chromatography of carotenoids from pumpkin.
PubMed: Paraoxonase 1 Q192R (PON1-192) polymorphism is associated with reduced lipid peroxidation in healthy young men on a low-carotenoid diet supplemented with tomato juice.
PubMed: Storage stability of lutein during ripening of cheddar cheese.
PubMed: Food carotenoids: analysis, composition and alterations during storage and processing of foods.
PubMed: [Simultaneous determination of five carotenoids in tomato by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed: Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil.
PubMed: Structure determination of partially deuterated carotenoids from intrinsically labeled vegetables by HPLC-MS and 1H NMR.
PubMed: Relationship of carotenoids and tocopherols in a sample of carrot root-color accessions and carrot germplasm carrying Rp and rp alleles.
PubMed: Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (Mangifera indica L.).
PubMed: Increased intake of fruit and vegetables and a low-fat diet, with and without low-fat plant sterol-enriched spread consumption: effects on plasma lipoprotein and carotenoid metabolism.
PubMed: Calibration of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in early pregnancy.
PubMed: Do dietary lycopene and other carotenoids protect against prostate cancer?
PubMed: Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire assessment of carotenoid and vitamin E intake using weighed food records and plasma biomarkers: the method of triads model.
PubMed: On the importance of using multiple methods of dietary assessment.
PubMed: Determination of carotenoid stereoisomers in commercial dietary supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed: Retinol, carotenoids and the risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study from Italy.
PubMed: Carotenoids, vitamin A and risk of adenomatous polyp recurrence in the polyp prevention trial.
PubMed: Fruits, vegetables, and micronutrients in relation to breast cancer modified by menopause and hormone receptor status.
PubMed: Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection.
PubMed: Effects of 6-month multivitamin supplementation on serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C in healthy elderly women.
PubMed: Assessment of carotenoid bioavailability of whole foods using a Caco-2 cell culture model coupled with an in vitro digestion.
PubMed: Diet and melanoma in a case-control study.
PubMed: Dietary sources of vitamin C, vitamin E and specific carotenoids in Spain.
PubMed: Use of Tween 40 and Tween 80 to deliver a mixture of phytochemicals to human colonic adenocarcinoma cell (CaCo-2) monolayers.
PubMed: Serum carotenoid and retinol levels during childhood infections.
PubMed: Supplementation of a diet low in carotenoids with tomato or carrot juice does not affect lipid peroxidation in plasma and feces of healthy men.
PubMed: Intake of specific carotenoids and essential fatty acids and breast cancer risk in Montreal, Canada.
PubMed: Six carotenoids in plasma used to assess recommended intake of fruits and vegetables in a controlled feeding study.
PubMed: Reasonable estimates of serum vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-cryptoxanthin are obtained with a food frequency questionnaire in older black and white adults.
PubMed: Effects of red palm oil on serum lipids and plasma carotenoids level in Chinese male adults.
PubMed: Intakes of antioxidants in coffee, wine, and vegetables are correlated with plasma carotenoids in humans.
PubMed: [Beta-carotene isomerization in various food products].
PubMed: Telephone counseling intervention increases intakes of micronutrient- and phytochemical-rich vegetables, fruit and fiber in breast cancer survivors.
PubMed: Dietary carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of seven cohort studies.
PubMed: Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit.
PubMed: Modification effects of GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms on associations between raw salted food and incomplete intestinal metaplasia in a high-risk area of stomach cancer.
PubMed: Coordinate expression of multiple bacterial carotenoid genes in canola leading to altered carotenoid production.
PubMed: Application of tristimulus colorimetry to estimate the carotenoids content in ultrafrozen orange juices.
PubMed: Spread supplemented with moderate doses of vitamin E and carotenoids reduces lipid peroxidation in healthy, nonsmoking adults.
PubMed: Reproducibility and validity of the Diet Quality Index Revised as assessed by use of a food-frequency questionnaire.
PubMed: Synthetic and tomato-based lycopene have identical bioavailability in humans.
PubMed: Bakery products enriched with phytosterol esters, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene decrease plasma LDL-cholesterol and maintain plasma beta-carotene concentrations in normocholesterolemic men and women.
PubMed: Effects of enhanced consumption of fruit and vegetables on plasma antioxidant status and oxidative resistance of LDL in smokers supplemented with fish oil.
PubMed: Dietary cryptoxanthin and reduced risk of lung cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study.
PubMed: Dietary supplement use in old age: associations with childhood IQ, current cognition and health.
PubMed: Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress.
PubMed: Micronutrients and laryngeal cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland: a case-control study.
PubMed: Antioxidant intake and primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective study.
PubMed: Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels.
PubMed: Plasma carotenoid levels in relation to the Mediterranean diet in Greece.
PubMed: Low plasma concentrations of diet-derived antioxidants in association with microalbuminuria in Indigenous Australian populations.
PubMed: Multinational study of major breast milk carotenoids of healthy mothers.
PubMed: Dietary carotenoids and risk of coronary artery disease in women.
PubMed: Pacific pandanus fruit: an ethnographic approach to understanding an overlooked source of provitamin A carotenoids.
PubMed: Serum carotenoids and mortality from lung cancer: a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study.
PubMed: Reproducibility of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire used in the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC Study Cohort I to assess food and nutrient intake.
PubMed: Validity of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire used in the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC Study Cohort I to assess carotenoids and vitamin C intake: comparison with dietary records and blood level.
PubMed: Vegetable consumption and carotenoids in plasma and adipose tissue in Malaga, Spain.
PubMed: Physical sports activity during leisure time and dietary intake of foods and nutrients in a large Spanish cohort.
PubMed: The consumption of processed tomato products enhances plasma lycopene concentrations in association with a reduced lipoprotein sensitivity to oxidative damage.
PubMed: Decreased carotenoid concentrations due to dietary sucrose polyesters do not affect possible markers of disease risk in humans.
PubMed: In vitro accessibility of carotenes from green leafy vegetables cooked with sunflower oil or red palm oil.
PubMed: Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention.
PubMed: Vitamin C, provitamin A carotenoids, and other carotenoids in high-pressurized orange juice during refrigerated storage.
PubMed: Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.
PubMed: Intakes of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C in relation to the risk of bladder cancer in the ATBC cohort study.
PubMed: A home-based nutrition intervention to increase consumption of fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods in community dwelling elders.
PubMed: Application of isotope dilution technique in vitamin A nutrition.
PubMed: Diet and risk of adult glioma in eastern Nebraska, United States.
PubMed: A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands).
PubMed: Nature of dietary reporting by adults in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
PubMed: Carotenoid composition of human milk during the first month postpartum and the response to beta-carotene supplementation.
PubMed: Individual carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma as biomarkers of dietary intake.
PubMed: Serum beta-glucuronidase activity is inversely associated with plant-food intakes in humans.
PubMed: Vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of cataract in a Mediterranean population.
PubMed: The intake of carotenoids in an older Australian population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study.
PubMed: A longitudinal evaluation of oxidative stress in trauma patients.
PubMed: Estimation of carotenoid accessibility from carrots determined by an in vitro digestion method.
PubMed: Supercritical fluid extraction of lycopene from tomato processing byproducts.
PubMed: Plant sterol esters lower plasma lipids and most carotenoids in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults.
PubMed: Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities.
PubMed: Alpha- and beta-carotene from a commercial puree are more bioavailable to humans than from boiled-mashed carrots, as determined using an extrinsic stable isotope reference method.
PubMed: Development and validation of specific carotene food composition tables for use in nutritional epidemiologic studies for Japanese populations.
PubMed: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of different geometrical isomers of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and zeaxanthin.
PubMed: Rapid electrochemical method for the evaluation of the antioxidant power of some lipophilic food extracts.
PubMed: Carotenoids, antioxidants and ovarian cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal women.
PubMed: Are retinol, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate and carotenoids intake associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study.
PubMed: Comparison of the effects of supplemental red palm oil and sunflower oil on maternal vitamin A status.
PubMed: Validation of the Healthy Eating Index with use of plasma biomarkers in a clinical sample of women.
PubMed: Serum concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and the carotenoids are influenced by diet, race and obesity in a sample of healthy adolescents.
PubMed: Intakes of carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E and MS risk among two large cohorts of women.
PubMed: Serum carotenoids as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable consumption in the New York Women's Health Study.
PubMed: A vegetable/fruit concentrate with high antioxidant capacity has no effect on biomarkers of antioxidant status in male smokers.
PubMed: A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study.
PubMed: Plasma carotenoids in relation to food consumption in Granada (southern Spain) and Malmö (southern Sweden).
PubMed: Dietary intakes and serum nutrients differ between adults from food-insufficient and food-sufficient families: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
PubMed: A population-based case-control study of carotenoid and vitamin A intake and ovarian cancer (United States).
PubMed: Validation of three food frequency questionnaires and 24-hour recalls with serum carotenoid levels in a sample of African-American adults.
PubMed: Amount of dietary fat and type of soluble fiber independently modulate postabsorptive conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A in mongolian gerbils.
PubMed: Selected micronutrients and colorectal cancer. a case-control study from the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.
PubMed: Association of dietary antioxidants on the severity of gastritis in a high risk population.
PubMed: Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts.
PubMed: Latin American food sources of carotenoids.
PubMed: Moderate consumption of beer, red wine and spirits has counteracting effects on plasma antioxidants in middle-aged men.
PubMed: Lipoprotein carotenoid profiles and the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in healthy elderly volunteers.
PubMed: Fruits and vegetables increase plasma carotenoids and vitamins and decrease homocysteine in humans.
PubMed: Chlorophyll and carotenoid patterns in olive fruits, Olea europaea Cv. arbequina.
PubMed: A prospective cohort study on antioxidant and folate intake and male lung cancer risk.
PubMed: Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids.
PubMed: Plasma antioxidant levels in chronic cholestatic liver diseases.
PubMed: Effect of beta-carotene supplementation and lactation on carotenoid metabolism and mitogenic T lymphocyte proliferation.
PubMed: High intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids does not reduce the risk of bladder cancer.
PubMed: Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men.
PubMed: Quantification of carotenoid and tocopherol antioxidants in Zea mays.
PubMed: Comparison of the bioavailability of natural palm oil carotenoids and synthetic beta-carotene in humans.
PubMed: Carotene, tocopherol, and ascorbate contents in subspecies of Brassica oleracea.
PubMed: A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women.
PubMed: Questionnaire assessment of antioxidants and retinol intakes in Mexican women.
PubMed: Intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of gastric cancer in Spain.
PubMed: [Carotenoids: 1. Metabolism and physiology].
PubMed: Value assignment of retinol, retinyl palmitate, tocopherol, and carotenoid concentrations in Standard Reference Material 2383 (Baby Food Composite).
PubMed: Comparison of serum carotenoid responses between women consuming vegetable juice and women consuming raw or cooked vegetables.
PubMed: Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer.
PubMed: Intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer in women in Barcelona, Spain.
PubMed: Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population.
PubMed: The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans.
PubMed: Association between mothers' nutrient intake and their offspring's risk of gastroschisis.
PubMed: [Carotenoid intake in the German National Food Consumption Survey].
PubMed: The contribution of various foods to intake of vitamin A and carotenoids in The Netherlands.
PubMed: Changes in plasma carotenoid and vitamin E profile during supplementation with oil palm fruit carotenoids.
PubMed: [Development of a milk beverage based on pumpkin flakes].
PubMed: Dietary sugar and lung cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay.
PubMed: Oxidative stress status and antioxidant status are apparently not related to carotenoid status in healthy subjects.
PubMed: Cruciferous vegetables in relation to renal cell carcinoma.
PubMed: Bioavailability of beta-carotene is lower in raw than in processed carrots and spinach in women.
PubMed: Antioxidant fortified margarine increases the antioxidant status.
PubMed: Associations of plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary intake of specific carotenoids in samples of two prospective cohort studies using a new carotenoid database.
PubMed: Carotenoid determination in biological microsamples using liquid chromatography with a coulometric electrochemical array detector.
PubMed: Dietary fat and lung cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay.
PubMed: [Serum status of carotenoids in control subjects and its relation to the diet].
PubMed: Feeding mice palm carotene prevents DNA damage in bone marrow and reduction of peripheral leukocyte counts, and enhances survival following X-ray irradiation.
PubMed: Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC Study.
PubMed: Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii.
PubMed: Taste perception in cirrhosis: its relationship to circulating micronutrients and food preferences.
PubMed: Vitamin A and carotenoids stimulate differentiation of mouse osteoblastic cells.
PubMed: Indexes of food and nutrient intakes as predictors of serum concentrations of nutrients: the problem of inadequate discriminant validity. The Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group.
PubMed: [Simultaneous determination of carotenoids and chlorophylls in algae by high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed: Intracellular carotenoid levels measured by Raman microspectroscopy: comparison of lymphocytes from lung cancer patients and healthy individuals.
PubMed: Effect of traditional processing practices on the content of total carotenoid, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and vitamin A activity of selected Tanzanian vegetables.
PubMed: In vivo antiperoxidative effect of 9-cis beta-carotene compared with that of the all-trans isomer.
PubMed: Influence of using different sources of carotenoid data in epidemiologic studies.
PubMed: New carotenoid values for foods improve relationship of food frequency questionnaire intake estimates to plasma values.
PubMed: cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate.
PubMed: Nutritional characteristics, eating pathology, and hormonal status in young women.
PubMed: Changes in the vitamin status of elderly Europeans: plasma vitamins A, E, B-6, B-12, folic acid and carotenoids. SENECA Investigators.
PubMed: Major fruit and vegetable contributors to the main serum carotenoids in the Spanish diet.
PubMed: Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients.
PubMed: Dietary intake of specific carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas.
PubMed: Evaluation of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and carotenoids in serum of men with cancer of the larynx before and after commercial enteral formula feeding.
PubMed: The crystalline form of carotenes and the food matrix in carrot root decrease the relative bioavailability of beta- and alpha-carotene in the ferret model.
PubMed: Isolation and structural elucidation of the predominant geometrical isomers of alpha-carotene.
PubMed: In vitro measurement of beta-carotene cleavage activity: methodological considerations and the effect of other carotenoids on beta-carotene cleavage.
PubMed: Antioxidants and reduced functional capacity in the elderly: findings from the Nun Study.
PubMed: Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer.
PubMed: Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of vegetable intake: the University of Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit Feeding Studies.
PubMed: Comparative absorption and transport of five common carotenoids in preruminant calves.
PubMed: Average intake of anti-oxidant (pro)vitamins and subsequent cancer mortality in the 16 cohorts of the Seven Countries Study.
PubMed: Seasonal variations in plasma micronutrients and antioxidants.
PubMed: Questionnaire assessment of intake of specific carotenoids.
PubMed: Correlations between mutagen sensitivity and plasma nutrient levels of healthy individuals.
PubMed: Diet and nuclear lens opacities.
PubMed: Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intake.
PubMed: Relationship between dietary intake and plasma concentrations of carotenoids in premenopausal women: application of the USDA-NCI carotenoid food-composition database.
PubMed: A pilot study on the use of plasma carotenoids and ascorbic acid as markers of compliance to a high fruit and vegetable dietary intervention.
PubMed: Carotenoids slow the growth of small cell lung cancer cells.
PubMed: Plasma carotenoid levels before and after supplementation with a carotenoid complex.
PubMed: The correlation between two dietary assessments of carotenoid intake and plasma carotenoid concentrations: application of a carotenoid food-composition database.
PubMed: Liquid chromatographic method for the determination of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols in human serum and in food.
PubMed: The ferret as a model for evaluation of the bioavailabilities of all-trans-beta-carotene and its isomers.
PubMed: Intake of specific carotenoids and lung cancer risk.
PubMed: The development and application of a carotenoid database for fruits, vegetables, and selected multicomponent foods.
PubMed: Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data.
PubMed: Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids.
PubMed: Use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes--effects on plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins.
PubMed: Carotenoids, retinol, and vitamin E and risk of proliferative benign breast disease and breast cancer.
PubMed: Does beta-carotene explain why reduced cancer risk is associated with vegetable and fruit intake?
PubMed: Concentrations of selected carotenoids and vitamin A in human liver, kidney and lung tissue.
PubMed: Effects of the consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and foods on serum concentrations of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in healthy inhabitants living in a rural area of Hokkaido.
PubMed: An evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire for assessing dietary intake of specific carotenoids and vitamin E among low-income black women.
PubMed: Diet and the risk of vulvar cancer.
PubMed: Dietary and serum carotenoids and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
PubMed: Effects of palm carotenoids in rat hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated benzo(a)pyrene metabolism.
PubMed: Structural and geometrical isomers of carotenoids in human plasma.
PubMed: Breast cancer and dietary and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin A.
PubMed: Diet, plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, and risk of malignant melanoma.
PubMed: High-performance liquid chromatography and capillary supercritical-fluid chromatography separation of vegetable carotenoids and carotenoid isomers.
PubMed: Carotenoids and retinoids in Finnish foods: dairy products and eggs.
PubMed: Association of food frequency questionnaire estimates of vitamin A intake with serum vitamin A levels.
PubMed: Reversed phase HPLC analysis of alpha- and beta-carotene from selected raw and cooked vegetables.
PubMed: Repletion and depletion of serum alpha and beta carotene in humans with carrots and an algae-derived supplement.
PubMed: Vitamin A in new food composition tables from Japan.
PubMed: Dietary vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C and risk of lung cancer in Hawaii.
PubMed: The lipid components of white potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum).
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