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Category: coloring agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | deep violet crystalline powder (est) |
| Assay: | 96.00 to 100.00 %
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| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Boiling Point: | 717.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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| Flash Point: | 489.00 °F. TCC ( 253.89 °C. )
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| logP (o/w): | 9.526 (est) |
| Storage: | store under nitrogen. |
| air and light sensitive: | store protected from air and light. |
| Soluble in: |
| | alcohol | | | acetone | | | water, 2.476e-010 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
| Insoluble in: |
| | water | | | vegetable oils |
Organoleptic Properties:
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| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
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| Hazards identification |
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| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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| Pictogram | |
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| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-mouse LD50 10000 mg/kg Scientia Pharmaceutica. Vol. 47, Pg. 39, 1979.
oral-man TDLo 86 mg/kg/15W-I SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: "RETINAL CHANGES (PIGMENTARY DEPOSITIONS, RETINITIS, OTHER): EYE" Medical Journal of Australia. Vol. 143, Pg. 622, 1985.
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| Dermal Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | coloring agents |
| Recommendation for canthaxanthin usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
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| |
| Recommendation for canthaxanthin flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
| European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of canthaxanthin (E 161 g) as a food additive View page or View pdf |
Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of canthaxanthin as a feed additive for poultry and for ornamental birds and ornamental fish View page or View pdf |
| EPI System: | View |
| ClinicalTrials.gov: | search |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: | Search |
| AIDS Citations: | Search |
| Cancer Citations: | Search |
| Toxicology Citations: | Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): | 514-78-3 |
| EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 5281227 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
| WGK Germany: | nwg |
| | 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethyl-3-oxocyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclo |
| Chemidplus: | 0000514783 |
| RTECS: | FI0330000 for cas# 514-78-3 |
References:
| | 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethyl-3-oxocyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclo |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Canada Domestic Sub. List: | 514-78-3 |
| Pubchem (cid): | 5281227 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134978793 |
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | b,b-carotene-4,4'-dione (9CI) | | | c.i. 40850 | | | C.I. food orange 8 | | | cantaxanthin | | | cantaxanthine | | | canthaxanthin | | | carophyll red | | | carotene-4,4'-dione | | all-trans,beta- | carotene-4,4'-dione | | b,b- | carotene-4,4'-dione | | | carotene-4,4'-dione, b- | | | chlorellaxanthin | | | ci 40850 | | | CI food orange 8 | | 4,4'- | diketo-b-carotene | | | roxanthin red 10 |
Articles:
| PubMed: | Canthaxanthin biosynthesis by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1: effects of inoculation and aeration rate. |
| PubMed: | Stabilization of canthaxanthin produced by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 with spray drying microencapsulation. |
| PubMed: | Co-solvent selection for supercritical fluid extraction of astaxanthin and other carotenoids from Penaeus monodon waste. |
| PubMed: | Inclusion of Palmaria palmata (red seaweed) in Atlantic salmon diets: effects on the quality, shelf-life parameters and sensory properties of fresh and cooked salmon fillets. |
| PubMed: | Liposome as a delivery system for carotenoids: comparative antioxidant activity of carotenoids as measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power, DPPH assay and lipid peroxidation. |
| PubMed: | Liposomes as delivery systems for carotenoids: comparative studies of loading ability, storage stability and in vitro release. |
| PubMed: | Biotechnological production of carotenoids by yeasts: an overview. |
| PubMed: | Electron transfer from plant phenolates to carotenoid radical cations. Antioxidant interaction entering the Marcus theory inverted region. |
| PubMed: | Feeding strategies for the improved biosynthesis of canthaxanthin from enzymatic hydrolyzed molasses in the fed-batch fermentation of Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. |
| PubMed: | Characterizing the natural canthaxanthin/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. |
| PubMed: | Canthaxanthin retinopathy with visual loss: a case report and review. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid and fatty acid compositions of an indigenous Ettlia texensis isolate (Chlorophyceae) under phototrophic and mixotrophic conditions. |
| PubMed: | Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin (xanthophyll) as supplements in rainbow trout diet: in vivo assessment of residual levels and contributions to human health. |
| PubMed: | Determination of egg yolk xanthophylls by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography. |
| PubMed: | Ultrasound-assisted formation of the canthaxanthin emulsions stabilized by arabic and xanthan gums. |
| PubMed: | Inhibitory effects of astaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin on cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. |
| PubMed: | Pigment production by a new thermotolerant microalga Coelastrella sp. F50. |
| PubMed: | Psyllium husk gum: an attractive carbohydrate biopolymer for the production of stable canthaxanthin emulsions. |
| PubMed: | Canthaxanthin production with modified Mucor circinelloides strains. |
| PubMed: | Effect of domestic cooking methods on egg yolk xanthophylls. |
| PubMed: | Determination of supplemental feeding needs for astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in salmonids by supramolecular solvent-based microextraction and liquid chromatography-UV/VIS spectroscopy. |
| PubMed: | Developing an emulsion model system containing canthaxanthin biosynthesized by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. |
| PubMed: | Analysis of canthaxanthin production by Gordonia jacobaea. |
| PubMed: | Isolation, characterization, and diversity of novel radiotolerant carotenoid-producing bacteria. |
| PubMed: | Determination of carotenoids in Taraxacum formosanum by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS and preparation by column chromatography. |
| PubMed: | [Determination of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in egg yolks by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection]. |
| PubMed: | Extraction and analysis of carotenoids from the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus gonads. |
| PubMed: | Exceptional molecular organization of canthaxanthin in lipid membranes. |
| PubMed: | Synthesis of highly 13C enriched carotenoids: access to carotenoids enriched with 13C at any position and combination of positions. |
| PubMed: | A short-term toxicity study of Aspergillus carbonarius carotenoid. |
| PubMed: | Antioxidant and lipid peroxidation activities in rats fed with Aspergillus carbonarius carotenoid. |
| PubMed: | [Effectiveness analysis established in Russia and hygienic standards for the use of food dyes]. |
| PubMed: | Carotenogenesis up-regulation in Scenedesmus sp. using a targeted metabolomics approach by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. |
| PubMed: | Impact of dietary carotenoid and packaging during frozen storage on the quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed carotenoids. |
| PubMed: | Comparison of tetrahydrofuran, fetal calf serum, and Tween 40 for the delivery of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to HepG2 cells. |
| PubMed: | Purified canola lutein selectively inhibits specific isoforms of mammalian DNA polymerases and reduces inflammatory response. |
| PubMed: | Relationships between dietary carotenoids, body tissue carotenoids, parasite burden, and health state in wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings. |
| PubMed: | Extraction, purification and concentration of partially saturated canthaxanthin from Aspergillus carbonarius. |
| PubMed: | Use of response surface methodology in a fed-batch process for optimization of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to achieve high levels of canthaxanthin from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. |
| PubMed: | Evaluation of certain food additives. |
| PubMed: | Influence of pasteurization, spray- and freeze-drying, and storage on the carotenoid content in egg yolk. |
| PubMed: | Determination of para red, Sudan dyes, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin in animal feeds using UPLC. |
| PubMed: | Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells. |
| PubMed: | Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for astaxanthin production and oxidative stress tolerance. |
| PubMed: | Contents of vitamin C, carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in the subtropical plant species Cyphostemma digitatum as affected by processing. |
| PubMed: | Does feed composition affect oxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during frozen storage? |
| PubMed: | Impact of different dietary phospholipid levels on cholesterol and canthaxanthin lipoprotein-serum transport and muscle deposition in rainbow trout. |
| PubMed: | Interactions between canthaxanthin and lipid membranes--possible mechanisms of canthaxanthin toxicity. |
| PubMed: | Metabolic engineering of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in higher plants. |
| PubMed: | [Simultaneous determination of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in feedstuffs using solid phase extraction-reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography]. |
| PubMed: | Partially saturated canthaxanthin purified from Aspergillus carbonarius induces apoptosis in prostrate cancer cell line. |
| PubMed: | Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope ratios of carotenoids and beta-carotene-based dietary supplements. |
| PubMed: | Effect of culture conditions on canthaxanthin production by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. |
| PubMed: | The protective role of carotenoids against 7-keto-cholesterol formation in solution. |
| PubMed: | Effect of soybean phospholipids on canthaxanthin lipoproteins transport, digestibility, and deposition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle. |
| PubMed: | Metabolic engineering of novel ketocarotenoid production in carrot plants. |
| PubMed: | Optimization of canthaxanthin production by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 using response surface methodology. |
| PubMed: | Critical assessment of various techniques for the extraction of carotenoids and co-enzyme Q10 from the Thraustochytrid strain ONC-T18. |
| PubMed: | Astaxanthin binding protein in Atlantic salmon. |
| PubMed: | Xanthophylls in commercial egg yolks: quantification and identification by HPLC and LC-(APCI)MS using a C30 phase. |
| PubMed: | Lipids of Haloferax alexandrinus strain TM(T): an extremely halophilic canthaxanthin-producing archaeon. |
| PubMed: | Microbial xanthophylls. |
| PubMed: | Influence of culture conditions of Gordonia jacobaea MV-26 on canthaxanthin production. |
| PubMed: | [Simultaneous determination of five carotenoids in tomato by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography]. |
| PubMed: | Skin pigmentation evaluation in broilers fed natural and synthetic pigments. |
| PubMed: | Use of Tween 40 and Tween 80 to deliver a mixture of phytochemicals to human colonic adenocarcinoma cell (CaCo-2) monolayers. |
| PubMed: | Rapid quantification of carotenoids and fat in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. |
| PubMed: | Suppressive effect of carotenoids on the luminol dependent chemiluminescence of the stimulated rat macrophages. |
| PubMed: | Serum carotenoids and mortality from lung cancer: a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study. |
| PubMed: | Induction of liver monooxygenases by annatto and bixin in female rats. |
| PubMed: | Haloferax alexandrinus sp. nov., an extremely halophilic canthaxanthin-producing archaeon from a solar saltern in Alexandria (Egypt). |
| PubMed: | Production of canthaxanthin by Haloferax alexandrinus under non-aseptic conditions and a simple, rapid method for its extraction. |
| PubMed: | Scavenging of benzylperoxyl radicals by carotenoids. |
| PubMed: | Rapid electrochemical method for the evaluation of the antioxidant power of some lipophilic food extracts. |
| PubMed: | Analysis of canthaxanthin and related pigments from Gordonia jacobaea mutants. |
| PubMed: | Lipid oxidation in fresh and spray-dried eggs enriched with omega3 and omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during storage as affected by dietary vitamin E and canthaxanthin supplementation. |
| PubMed: | Serum Carotenoid Concentration Changes during Sexual Maturation in Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). |
| PubMed: | Flesh Lipid and Carotenoid Composition of Scottish Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). |
| PubMed: | Kinetics and mechanism of the primary steps of degradation of carotenoids by acid in homogeneous solution. |
| PubMed: | Effect of dried tomato pulp on the performance and egg traits of laying hens. |
| PubMed: | Nickel peroxide induced oxidation of canthaxanthin. |
| PubMed: | Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. |
| PubMed: | Hydrolysis kinetics of astaxanthin esters and stability of astaxanthin of Haematococcus pluvialis during saponification. |
| PubMed: | Isolation and identification of a major urinary canthaxanthin metabolite in rats. |
| PubMed: | Safety assessment and potential health benefits of food components based on selected scientific criteria. ILSI North America Technical Committee on Food Components for Health Promotion. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid interactions. |
| PubMed: | Silver-plated vitamins: a method of detecting tocopherols and carotenoids in LC/ESI-MS coupling. |
| PubMed: | Effect of carotenoids on the respiratory burst of rat peritoneal macrophages. |
| PubMed: | Comparative mechanisms and rates of free radical scavenging by carotenoid antioxidants. |
| PubMed: | Relative stability of carotenoid radical cations and homologue tocopheroxyl radicals. A real time kinetic study of antioxidant hierarchy. |
| PubMed: | Interactions in the postprandial appearance of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in plasma triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in humans. |
| PubMed: | Vitamin A and carotenoids stimulate differentiation of mouse osteoblastic cells. |
| PubMed: | Occurrence of birefringent retinal inclusions in cynomolgus monkeys after high doses of canthaxanthin. |
| PubMed: | Possible immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments. |
| PubMed: | Canthaxanthine retinopathy. |
| PubMed: | Suppressive effects of retinoids, carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins on heterocyclic amine-induced umu C gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002). |
| PubMed: | Supplementing ferrets with canthaxanthin affects the tissue distributions of canthaxanthin, other carotenoids, vitamin A and vitamin E. |
| PubMed: | Comparative absorption and transport of five common carotenoids in preruminant calves. |
| PubMed: | Neonatal immune response and growth performance of chicks hatched from single comb White Leghorn breeders fed diets supplemented with beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, or lutein. |
| PubMed: | Detection of bixin, lycopene, canthaxanthin, and beta-apo-8'-carotenal in products derived from red pepper. |
| PubMed: | Vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin protect against oxidative damage to kidney, heart, lung and spleen. |
| PubMed: | Vitamin A status and metabolism of cutaneous polyamines in the hairless mouse after UV irradiation: action of beta-carotene and astaxanthin. |
| PubMed: | Effects of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin on liver xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the rat. |
| PubMed: | Protection by vitamin E selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to liver slices measured by oxidized heme proteins. |
| PubMed: | Transport of newly-absorbed beta-carotene by the preruminant calf. |
| PubMed: | Idiopathic canthaxanthine retinopathy. |
| PubMed: | Interactions of oral beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in ferrets. |
| PubMed: | Clinical review of canthaxanthin ('tanning pills'). |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid scavenging of radicals. Effect of carotenoid structure and oxygen partial pressure on antioxidative activity. |
| PubMed: | Dietary carotenoids influenced biochemical but not morphological changes in adult male rats fed a choline-deficient diet. |
| PubMed: | Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids. |
| PubMed: | Dietary supplementation with xanthophyll as an effective way of identifying low-producing broiler breeder hens. |
| PubMed: | Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation. |
| PubMed: | The role of multigeneration studies in safety assessment of residues of veterinary drugs and additives. |
| PubMed: | Canthaxanthin and excess vitamin A alter alpha-tocopherol, carotenoid and iron status in adult rats. |
| PubMed: | Effects of the consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and foods on serum concentrations of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in healthy inhabitants living in a rural area of Hokkaido. |
| PubMed: | Photobleaching of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Quantum-yields dependence of solvent, temperature, and wavelength of irradiation in relation to packaging and storage of carotenoid pigmented salmonoids. |
| PubMed: | Effects of palm carotenoids in rat hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated benzo(a)pyrene metabolism. |
| PubMed: | Safety evaluation of substances consumed as technical ingredients (food additives). |
| PubMed: | Reversibility of canthaxanthin deposits within the retina. |
| PubMed: | Aplastic anemia associated with canthaxanthin ingested for 'tanning' purposes. |
| PubMed: | Antioxidant activity of beta-carotene-related carotenoids in solution. |
| PubMed: | [Canthaxanthin retinopathy without intake of canthaxanthin]. |
| PubMed: | Canthaxanthin. |
| PubMed: | Availability of canthaxanthin in the United States. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoids as food colorants. |
| PubMed: | [Influence of some nutritional factors on the canthaxanthine pigmentation of the rainbow trout]. |
| PubMed: | Determination of canthaxanthin in concentrates and feeds. |
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