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Category: formulation aids, fermentation aids
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Assay: | 98.00 to 100.00 %
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| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Specific Gravity: | 1.33500 @ 25.00 °C.
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| Melting Point: | 132.00 to 134.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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| Boiling Point: | 196.00 to 197.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
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| Vapor Pressure: | 0.395000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Flash Point: | 163.00 °F. TCC ( 72.70 °C. ) (est)
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| logP (o/w): | -1.660 (est) |
| Soluble in: |
| | water, 545000 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) |
Organoleptic Properties:
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| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Preferred SDS: View |
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| Hazards identification |
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| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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| Pictogram | |
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| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 8471 mg/kg Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. Vol. 51(6), Pg. 8, 1986.
intravenous-rat LD50 5300 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)
BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY)
BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977.
intraperitoneal-rat LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv fuer Pharmakologie und Experimentelle Pathologie. Vol. 257, Pg. 296, 1967.
intravenous-dog LDLo 3000 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935.
intravenous-mouse LD50 4600 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC
BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY)
BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977.
oral-mouse LD50 11000 mg/kg Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 31(12), Pg. 53, 1987.
intraperitoneal-mouse LDLo 6608 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: COMA
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 57, Pg. 19, 1936.
intravenous-rabbit LDLo 4800 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935.
oral-rabbit LDLo 10000 mg/kg BLOOD: HEMORRHAGE
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: STRUCTURAL OR FUNCTIONAL CHANGE IN TRACHEA OR BRONCHI
BRAIN AND COVERINGS: OTHER DEGENERATIVE CHANGES Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science. Vol. 15, Pg. 125, 1953.
intratracheal-rat LD50 567 mg/kg LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
BLOOD: METHEMOGLOBINEMIA-CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 30(3), Pg. 43, 1986.
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| Dermal Toxicity: |
subcutaneous-rat LD50 8200 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY)
BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC
BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977.
subcutaneous-dog LDLo 3000 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935.
subcutaneous-frog LDLo 600 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935.
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 9200 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY)
BEHAVIORAL: ANTIPSYCHOTIC
BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 13, Pg. 749, 1977.
subcutaneous-rabbit LDLo 3000 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1353, 1935.
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | formulation aids, fermentation aids |
| Recommendation for urea usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
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| Recommendation for urea flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): | View |
| FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: | View |
| CHEBI: | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| Golm Metabolome Database: | Search |
| UM BBD: | Search |
| KEGG (GenomeNet): | C00086 |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB00294 |
| FooDB: | FDB012174 |
| YMDB (Yeast Metabolome Database): | YMDB00003 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 3102.10.0000 |
| FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: | View |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
Formulations/Preparations: •dosage forms--sterile usp: 40 & 90 g.
•ultrahigh purity grades; solutions at 5m american research products co
•ual-37 contains 35% urea
•n-dure contains 26% urea
•uf concentrate-85 contains 26% urea
•urea is pelletized or prilled to avoid caking and to make it easy to handle.
•ureacin-20 creme contains urea at 20%; ureacin-40 creme contains urea at 40%; ureacin-10 lotion contains urea at 10%.
•technical; cp; us; fertilizer (45-46% nitrogen); feed grade (about 42% nitrogen)
•formulations (solid form): urea-ammonia phosphate (uap); urea-ammonia sulfate (uas); urea-phosphate. formulations (solution): urea-ammonia nitrate (uan)
•grade: reagent-grade; solid urea
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Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
| | antistatic agents | |
| | humectants | |
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| | carbamide | | | carbamimic acid | | | carbamimidic acid | | | carbonamidimidic acid | | | carbonyl diamide | | | carbonyl diamine | | | carbonyldiamide | | | carbonyldiamine | | | urea multicompendium USP EP JP | | | urea USP |
Articles:
| Info: | Urea |
| PubMed: | Microbial cell-free extracts as sources of enzyme activities to be used for enhancement flavor development of ewe milk cheese. |
| PubMed: | Anti-diabetic effects of shubat in type 2 diabetic rats induced by combination of high-glucose-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin. |
| PubMed: | Pediatric drug formulation of sodium benzoate extended-release granules. |
| PubMed: | Effect of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salt cations on pH, proteolysis, organic acids, and microbial populations during storage of full-fat Cheddar cheese. |
| PubMed: | Simulating protein folding in different environmental conditions. |
| PubMed: | Monitoring the ripening process of Cheddar cheese based on hydrophilic component profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
| PubMed: | Breeding research on sake yeasts in Japan: history, recent technological advances, and future perspectives. |
| PubMed: | Toxic effects of some synthetic food colorants and/or flavor additives on male rats. |
| PubMed: | Effects of ad libitum ingestion of monosodium glutamate on weight gain in C57BL6/J mice. |
| PubMed: | SB-334867-A, a selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist, enhances taste aversion learning and blocks taste preference learning in rats. |
| PubMed: | Food flavor cinnamaldehyde-induced biochemical and histological changes in the kidney of male albino wistar rat. |
| PubMed: | Nitrogen catabolite repression modulates the production of aromatic thiols characteristic of Sauvignon Blanc at the level of precursor transport. |
| PubMed: | Carcass, sensory, fat color, and consumer acceptance characteristics of Angus-cross steers finished on ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) forage or on a high-concentrate diet. |
| PubMed: | Meat quality responses to feeding distiller's grains to finishing Holstein steers. |
| PubMed: | The effect of application of cold natural smoke on the ripening of Cheddar cheese. |
| PubMed: | [A study on formation of N-(nitrosomethyl) urea in experimental pig stomach gavaged with fish sauce]. |
| PubMed: | Ripening of cheddar cheese with added attenuated adjunct cultures of lactobacilli. |
| PubMed: | Effect of urea on volatile generation from Maillard reaction of cysteine and ribose. |
| PubMed: | Clinical validation of the Helikit: a 13C urea breath test used for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. |
| PubMed: | Effect of ethanol in feed on milk flavor and chemical composition. |
| PubMed: | Dietary preferences in early lactation cows as affected by primary tastes and some common feed flavors. |
| PubMed: | Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition. |
| PubMed: | Preference of Old World monkeys for amino acids and other gustatory stimuli: the influence of monosodium glutamate. |
| PubMed: | Ingestion of low concentrations of sucrose or hydrochloric acid solutions accelerates mortality in rats with cholestatic liver disease. |
| PubMed: | [Setting a maximum allowable concentration for urea in reclaimed potable water and evaluating the nature of its biological action]. |
| PubMed: | Nutritive value of methane fermentation residue in diets fed to feedlot steers. |
| PubMed: | Factors influencing intake of high urea-containing rations by lactating dairy cows. |
| PubMed: | Flavor preferences in malnourished Mexican infants. |
| PubMed: | Milk production of cows on protein-free feed. |
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