Articles:
molecular iodine
Notes:
a nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol i, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. it is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. in solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. Elemental iodine (I2) is poisonous if taken orally in larger amounts; 2?3 grams of it is a lethal dose for an adult human.; Elemental iodine is an oxidizing irritant and direct contact with skin can cause lesions, so iodine crystals should be handled with care. Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration such as tincture of iodine are capable of causing tissue damage if use for cleaning and antisepsis is prolonged.; In many ways, 129I is similar to 36Cl. It is a soluble halogen, fairly non-reactive, exists mainly as a non-sorbing anion, and is produced by cosmogenic, thermonuclear, and in-situ reactions. In hydrologic studies, 129I concentrations are usually reported as the ratio of 129I to total I (which is virtually all 127I). As is the case with 36Cl/Cl, 129I/I ratios in nature are quite small, 10?14 to 10?10 (peak thermonuclear 129I/I during the 1960s and 1970s reached about 10?7). 129I differs from 36Cl in that its halflife is longer (15.7 vs. 0.301 million years), it is highly biophilic, and occurs in multiple ionic forms (commonly, I? and IO3?) which have different chemical behaviors. This makes it fairly easy for 129I to enter the biosphere as it becomes incorporated into vegetation, soil, milk, animal tissue, etc.; Iodic acid (HIO3) and its salts are strong oxidizers. Periodic acid (HIO4) cleaves vicinal diols along the C-C bond to give aldehyde fragments. 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid and Dess-Martin periodinane are hypervalent iodine oxidants used to specifically oxidize alcohols to ketones or aldehydes. Iodine pentoxide is a strong oxidant as well.; Iodine (pronounced /?a?.?da?n/ EYE-o-dyne, /?a?.?d?n/ EYE-o-d?n, or in chemistry /?a?.?di?n/ EYE-o-deen; from Greek: ????? iodes "violet"), is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons. Chemically, iodine is the second least reactive of the halogens, and the second most electropositive halogen, trailing behind astatine in both of these categories. However, the element does not occur in the free state in nature. As with all other halogens (members of Group 17 in the periodic table), when freed from its compounds iodine forms diatomic molecules (I2).; Iodine forms many compounds. Potassium iodide is the most commercially significant iodine compound. It is a convenient source of the iodide anion; it is easier to handle than sodium iodide because it is not hygroscopic. Sodium iodide is especially useful in the Finkelstein reaction, because it is soluble in acetone, while potassium iodide is poorly so. In this reaction, an alkyl chloride is converted to an alkyl iodide. This relies on the insolubility of sodium chloride in acetone to drive the reaction:; Iodine is a common general stain used in thin-layer chromatography. It is also used in the Gram stain as a mordant, after the sample is treated with crystal violet.; Iodine is an essential trace element for life, the heaviest element commonly needed by living organisms, and the second-heaviest known to be used by any form of life (only tungsten, a component of a few bacterial enzymes, has a higher atomic number and atomic weight). Iodine's main role in animal biology is as constituents of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These are made from addition condensation products of the amino acid tyrosine, and are stored prior to release in an iodine-containing protein called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 contain four and three atoms of iodine per molecule, respectively. The thyroid gland actively absorbs iodide from the blood to make and release these hormones into the blood, actions which are regulated by a second hormone TSH from the pituitary. Thyroid hormones are phylogenetically very old molecules which are synthesized by most multicellular organisms, and which even have some effect on unicellular organisms.; Iodine is an essential trace element. Chemically, iodine is the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive halogen after astatine. However, iodine does not occur in the free state in nature. As with all other halogens , when freed from its compounds iodine forms diatomic molecules (I2).; Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in medicine, photography, and dyes. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which are essential for normal brain development, and the fetus, newborn, and young child are particularly vulnerable to iodine deficiency. Physiologically, iodine exists as an ion in the body. The iodine requirement increases during pregnancy and recommended intakes are in the range of 220-250 microg/day. Monitoring iodine status during pregnancy is a challenge. New recommendations from World Health Organization suggest that a median urinary iodine concentration >250 microg/L and <500 microg/L indicates adequate iodine intake in pregnancy. Based on this range, it appears that many pregnant women in have inadequate intakes. Thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration in the newborn is a sensitive indicator of mild iodine deficiency in late pregnancy. The potential adverse effects of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy are uncertain. Controlled trials of iodine supplementation in mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women suggest beneficial effects on maternal and newborn serum thyroglobulin and thyroid volume, but no effects on maternal and newborn total or free thyroid hormone concentrations. There are no long-term data on the effect of iodine supplementation on birth outcomes or infant development. New data from well-controlled studies indicate that iodine repletion in moderately iodine-deficient school-age children has clear benefits: it improves cognitive and motor function; Iodine under standard conditions is a shiny grey solid. It can be seen apparently sublimating at standard temperatures into a violet-pink gas that has an irritating odor. This halogen forms compounds with many elements, but is less reactive than the other members of its Group VII (halogens) and has some metallic light reflectance.; Iodine-129 (129I; half-life 15.7 million years) is a product of cosmic ray spallation on various isotopes of xenon in the atmosphere, in cosmic ray muon interaction with tellurium-130, and also uranium and plutonium fission, both in subsurface rocks and nuclear reactors. Artificial nuclear processes, in particular nuclear fuel reprocessing and atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, have now swamped the natural signal for this isotope. Nevertheless, it now serves as a groundwater tracer as indicator of nuclear waste dispersion into the natural environment. In a similar fashion, 129I was used in rainwater studies to track fission products following the Chernobyl disaster.; The most common compounds of iodine are the iodides of sodium (NaI) and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3), as elemental iodine is mildly toxic to all living things. Normal iodine is an essential precursor for the manufacture of thyroid hormone.; it also increases concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, and improves somatic growth. (PMID: 17956157)
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Charkit Chemical Corporation The Specialty Chemical Specialists Explore this website to discover the products and services that Charkit provides for your industry and please contact us directly to find out how we can be of service to you. about: Since 1982, Charkit has been committed to expanding the markets we serve as our roster of products and services continues to grow with us. Our substantial portfolio of personal care ingredients now include a wide array of luxury and exotic components to compliment the key products we have always offered. We have expanded our offerings to the nutraceutical, industrial, and resin markets with a growing roster of versatile and unique ingredients. We continue to lead the way in our traditional markets such as Metal and Water Treatment, Imaging, Flavor & Fragrance, Aroma and Food. Our Pharmaceutical offerings continue to expand, still anchored by the Boronic Derivatives that meet the demands of Suzuki coupling reactions. Please contact us to learn how we can help you reach your goals. Email: Sales Voice: 203-299-3220 Fax: 203-299-1355 Facebook Twitter Linkedin Latest News Events Blog Products List: View Product(s): IODINE USP IODINE, ACS IODINE, CRUDE
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Penta International Corporation Chemistry innovation At Penta, our products and services help businesses do business better. For over 30 years, Penta Manufacturing Company has played a growing role in worldwide chemistry innovations and applications. As an industry leader, Penta continues to pioneer chemistry-based solutions for practically every area of commerce. Our products and expertise have helped fuel technical advances in dozens of commercial applications including flavoring, coloring, fragrances and chemical processes. US Email: Technical Services US Email: Sales US Voice: (973) 740-2300 US Fax: (973) 740-1839 Product(s): 09-03300 IODINE CRYSTALS USP 09-03400 IODINE TINCTURE STRONG USP (7%)
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| CAS Number: | 7553-56-2 |  3D/inchi
|
| Other(deleted CASRN): | 24503-90-0 | |
| ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: | 231-442-4 | |
| FDA UNII: | 9679TC07X4 | |
| Beilstein Number: | 3587194 | |
| MDL: | MFCD00011355 | |
| XlogP3-AA: | 1.70 (est) | |
| Molecular Weight: | 253.80894000 | |
| Formula: | I2 | |
| BioActivity Summary: | listing | |
| NMR Predictor: | Predict (works with chrome or firefox) | |
Category: information only not used for fragrances or flavors
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
| Google Scholar: | Search |
| Google Books: | Search |
| Google Scholar: with word "volatile" | Search |
| Google Scholar: with word "flavor" | Search |
| Google Scholar: with word "odor" | Search |
| Google Patents: | Search |
| US Patents: | Search |
| EU Patents: | Search |
| Pubchem Patents: | Search |
| PubMed: | Search |
| NCBI: | Search |
| FDA Mainterm (IAUFC): | 7553-56-2 ; IODINE |
Physical Properties:
| Appearance: | dark blackish purple crystalline solid (est) |
| Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00 % |
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Specific Gravity: | 4.93000 @ 25.00 °C. |
| Boiling Point: | 184.35 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est) |
| Vapor Pressure: | 0.490000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
| Flash Point: | 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est) |
| logP (o/w): | 2.064 (est) |
| Soluble in: | |
| water, 168.4 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) | |
Organoleptic Properties:
| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). | |
Cosmetic Information:
| None found |
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
| Hazards identification | |
| Classification of the substance or mixture | |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) | |
| None found. | |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements | |
| Pictogram | |
| Hazard statement(s) | |
| None found. | |
| Precautionary statement(s) | |
| None found. | |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: | |
|
intravenous-dog LDLo 40 mg/kg "Handbook of Toxicology," 4 vols., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1956-59Vol. 5, Pg. 76, 1959. oral-dog LDLo 800 mg/kg "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935. oral-human LDLo 28 mg/kg GASTROINTESTINAL: "HYPERMOTILITY, DIARRHEA" GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 330, 1969. unreported-man LDLo 29 mg/kg "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970Vol. 2, Pg. 73, 1970. oral-mouse LD50 22000 mg/kg Drugs of the Future. Vol. 4, Pg. 876, 1979. oral-rabbit LD50 10000 mg/kg Drugs of the Future. Vol. 4, Pg. 876, 1979. oral-rat LD50 14000 mg/kg Drugs of the Future. Vol. 4, Pg. 876, 1979. | |
| Dermal Toxicity: | |
|
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 > 8650 mg/kg Drugs in Japan Vol. -, Pg. 1226, 1990. subcutaneous-rabbit LDLo 175 mg/kg "Handbook of Toxicology," 4 vols., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 1956-59Vol. 5, Pg. 76, 1959. subcutaneous-rat LD50 10500 mg/kg Drugs in Japan Vol. -, Pg. 1226, 1990. | |
| Inhalation Toxicity: | |
|
inhalation-rat LCLo 137 ppm/1H BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE National Technical Information Service. Vol. OTS0555278 | |
Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | information only not used for fragrances or flavors | ||
| Recommendation for iodine usage levels up to: | |||
| not for fragrance use. | |||
| Recommendation for iodine flavor usage levels up to: | |||
| not for flavor use. | |||
Safety References:
| European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): | |
| Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to iodine and contribution to normal thyroid function pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 View page or View pdf | |
| Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to iodine and contribution to normal cognitive development pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 View page or View pdf | |
| EPI System: | View |
| ClinicalTrials.gov: | search |
| Daily Med: | search |
| NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards: | search |
| NIOSH Pocket Guide: | search |
| Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: | Search |
| AIDS Citations: | Search |
| Cancer Citations: | Search |
| Toxicology Citations: | Search |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): | 7553-56-2 |
| EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 807 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
| WGK Germany: | 2 |
| molecular iodine | |
| Chemidplus: | 0007553562 |
| EPA/NOAA CAMEO: | hazardous materials |
| RTECS: | 7553-56-2 |
References:
| molecular iodine | |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Canada Domestic Sub. List: | 7553-56-2 |
| Pubchem (cid): | 807 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134986541 |
Other Information:
| (IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
| Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
| tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
| (IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
| FDA Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: | View |
| CHEBI: | View |
| CHEMBL: | View |
| KEGG (GenomeNet): | C01382 |
| HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB00675 |
| FooDB: | FDB003635 |
| Export Tariff Code: | 2801.20.0000 |
| MedlinePlusSupp: | View |
| VCF-Online: | VCF Volatile Compounds in Food |
| ChemSpider: | View |
| Wikipedia: | View |
| Formulations/Preparations: •iodine is used most frequently as the official usp tincture (2% iodine and 2% sodium iodide in 50% alcohol), but it is also available as strong iodine solution, also known as lugol's solution (5% iodine and 10% potassium iodide in aqueous solution). the strong iodine tincture (7%) and iodine ointment (4%) have been virtually eliminated. •grades: crude, chemically pure, usp •(vet): hypodermin injection, haver-lockhart; io dyne spray, tevco; iodine wound spray, med tech; lugol's soln, med-tech; stronger iodine tincture, med-tech •minimum purity of 99.8%. u.s. pharmacopoeia specifies an iodine content not less than 99.8%, a maximum nonvolatile residue of 0.01% and chlorine-bromine of 0.005% (acs) and 0.028% (usp), respectively. | |
Potential Blenders and core components note
| None Found | ||
Potential Uses:
| None Found |
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
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Synonyms:
| actomar | |
| diiodane | |
| diiodine | |
| eranol | |
| molecular iodine | |
| vistarin |