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Category: natural substances and extractives
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
| Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00 %
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| Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
| Boiling Point: | 261.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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| Soluble in: |
| | water, 1.054e-013 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
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| Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
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| Hazards identification |
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| Classification of the substance or mixture |
| GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
| None found. |
| GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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| Pictogram | |
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| Hazard statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Precautionary statement(s) |
| None found. |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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| Dermal Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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| Inhalation Toxicity: |
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Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
| Category: | natural substances and extractives |
| Recommendation for gamma-carotene usage levels up to: | | | not for fragrance use.
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| Recommendation for gamma-carotene flavor usage levels up to: |
| | not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
| EPI System: | View |
| AIDS Citations: | Search |
| Cancer Citations: | Search |
| Toxicology Citations: | Search |
| EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
| EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
| Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 5280791 |
| National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
| WGK Germany: | 3 |
| | 2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E,19E)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene |
| Chemidplus: | 0000472935 |
References:
| | 2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E,19E)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene |
| NIST Chemistry WebBook: | Search Inchi |
| Pubchem (cid): | 5280791 |
| Pubchem (sid): | 134975504 |
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| beta,psi- | carotene | | gamma- | carotene, all-trans- | | 2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E,19E)-3,7,12,16,20,24- | hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene |
Articles:
| PubMed: | Metabolites contributing to Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IA maturation and sclerotial differentiation revealed by UPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics. |
| PubMed: | Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Lycopene β-Cyclase from Macrophytic Red Alga Bangia fuscopurpurea. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles derived from the Actinomycete Gordonia amicalis HS-11 as effective free radical scavengers. |
| PubMed: | Determination of target fat-soluble micronutrients in rainbow trout's muscle and liver tissues by liquid chromatography with diode array-tandem mass spectrometry detection. |
| PubMed: | Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 CruA (sll0147) encodes lycopene cyclase and requires bound chlorophyll a for activity. |
| PubMed: | Identification and characterization of yeasts isolated from sedimentary rocks of Union Glacier at the Antarctica. |
| PubMed: | Waste cooking oil: A new substrate for carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation. |
| PubMed: | Improvement of Sporobolomyces ruberrimus carotenoids production by the use of raw glycerol. |
| PubMed: | Tolerance to Ultraviolet Radiation of Psychrotolerant Yeasts and Analysis of Their Carotenoid, Mycosporine, and Ergosterol Content. |
| PubMed: | Crystal structure of 1'-OH-carotenoid 3,4-desaturase from Nonlabens dokdonensis DSW-6. |
| PubMed: | Increased temperature produces changes in the bioactive composition of tomato, depending on its developmental stage. |
| PubMed: | Chloracidobacterium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov.: an anoxygenic microaerophilic chlorophotoheterotrophic acidobacterium. |
| PubMed: | Oxidative metabolites of lycopene and γ-carotene in gac (Momordica cochinchinensis). |
| PubMed: | Changes in color-related compounds in tomato fruit exocarp and mesocarp during ripening using HPLC-APcI(+)-mass Spectrometry. |
| PubMed: | From cheese whey to carotenes by Blakeslea trispora in a bubble column reactor. |
| PubMed: | Lipid-dissolved γ-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene in globular chromoplasts of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) fruits. |
| PubMed: | Identification of a novel carotenoid, 2'-isopentenylsaproxanthin, by Jejuia pallidilutea strain 11shimoA1 and its increased production under alkaline condition. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid production from n-alkanes with a broad range of chain lengths by the novel species Gordonia ajoucoccus A2(T). |
| PubMed: | Tentative identification of torulene cis/trans geometrical isomers isolated from Sporidiobolus pararoseus by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry and preparation by column chromatography. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis. |
| PubMed: | Oxidative stress response of Blakeslea trispora induced by iron ions during carotene production in shake flask culture. |
| PubMed: | Overexpression and characterization of lycopene cyclase (CrtY) from marine bacterium Paracoccus haeundaensis. |
| PubMed: | Characterization and singlet oxygen quenching activity of (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-ketotorulene and (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-keto-γ-carotene isolated from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhrous. |
| PubMed: | Characterization of an apo-carotenoid 13,14-dioxygenase from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans that converts β-apo-8'-carotenal to β-apo-13-carotenone. |
| PubMed: | Partial synthesis of serum carotenoids and their metabolites. |
| PubMed: | Biosynthesis of the biomarker okenone: χ-ring formation. |
| PubMed: | Isolation of a novel carotenoid, OH-chlorobactene glucoside hexadecanoate, and related rare carotenoids from Rhodococcus sp. CIP and their antioxidative activities. |
| PubMed: | Stimulation of the biosynthesis of carotenes by oxidative stress in Blakeslea trispora induced by elevated dissolved oxygen levels in the culture medium. |
| PubMed: | The MAT1-2-1 mating-type gene upregulates photo-inducible carotenoid biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides. |
| PubMed: | Associations of dietary dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: modification by smoking. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid composition and antioxidant activity of the raw and boiled fruit mesocarp of six varieties of Bactris gasipaes. |
| PubMed: | Analysis and identification of astaxanthin and its carotenoid precursors from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by high-performance liquid chromatography. |
| PubMed: | Spectroscopic studies of carotenoid-to-bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer in LHRC photosynthetic complex from Roseiflexus castenholzii. |
| PubMed: | Excited state properties of aryl carotenoids. |
| PubMed: | Identification of carotenoids produced from cheese whey by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation. |
| PubMed: | Functional analysis of gamma-carotene ketolase involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis of Deinococcus radiodurans. |
| PubMed: | Deviation of the neurosporaxanthin pathway towards beta-carotene biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi by a point mutation in the phytoene desaturase gene. |
| PubMed: | A novel carotenoid 1,2-hydratase (CruF) from two species of the non-photosynthetic bacterium Deinococcus. |
| PubMed: | In vitro characterization of a recombinant Blh protein from an uncultured marine bacterium as a beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase. |
| PubMed: | Dietary predictors of serum total carotene in low-income women living in São Paulo, south-east Brazil. |
| PubMed: | Pigment organization in the photosynthetic apparatus of Roseiflexus castenholzii. |
| PubMed: | Characterization of the rice carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 reveals a novel route for geranial biosynthesis. |
| PubMed: | C(35)-apocarotenoids in the yellow mutant Neurospora crassa YLO. |
| PubMed: | Substrate specificity of a recombinant chicken beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase that converts beta-carotene into retinal. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoids in a Corynebacterineae, Gordonia terrae AIST-1: carotenoid glucosyl mycoloyl esters. |
| PubMed: | Variation in the carotenoid composition of the lycopene-rich Brazilian fruit Eugenia uniflora L. |
| PubMed: | Isorenieratene biosynthesis in green sulfur bacteria requires the cooperative actions of two carotenoid cyclases. |
| PubMed: | Effect of biomass pre-treatment and solvent extraction on beta-carotene and lycopene recovery from Blakeslea trispora cells. |
| PubMed: | Conversion of the lycopene monocyclase of Myxococcus xanthus into a bicyclase. |
| PubMed: | Culture characteristics of carotenoid-producing filamentous fungus T-1, and carotenoid production. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid profiles of yeasts belonging to the genera Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Sporobolomyces, and Sporidiobolus. |
| PubMed: | Tomato juice decreases LDL cholesterol levels and increases LDL resistance to oxidation. |
| PubMed: | Identification of the gene responsible for torulene cleavage in the Neurospora carotenoid pathway. |
| PubMed: | Diversity and function of Chloroflexus-like bacteria in a hypersaline microbial mat: phylogenetic characterization and impact on aerobic respiration. |
| PubMed: | Retinal biosynthesis in fungi: characterization of the carotenoid oxygenase CarX from Fusarium fujikuroi. |
| PubMed: | Simple method for the extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carotenoid pigments from red yeasts (Basidiomycota, Fungi). |
| PubMed: | The biotechnological potential of the al-2 gene from Neurospora [correction of Neurospra] crassa for the production of monocyclic keto hydroxy carotenoids. |
| PubMed: | Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum". |
| PubMed: | Structure elucidation of deoxylutein II isomers by on-line capillary high performance liquid chromatography-(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. |
| PubMed: | Torularhodin and torulene are the major contributors to the carotenoid pool of marine Rhodosporidium babjevae (Golubev). |
| PubMed: | Analysis of carotenoid composition in petals of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). |
| PubMed: | Biosynthesis of the xanthophyll plectaniaxanthin as a stress response in the red yeast Dioszegia (Tremellales, Heterobasidiomycetes, Fungi). |
| PubMed: | Lipids of Haloferax alexandrinus strain TM(T): an extremely halophilic canthaxanthin-producing archaeon. |
| PubMed: | Monocyclic carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous). |
| PubMed: | Purification and characterization of the B808-866 light-harvesting complex from green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. |
| PubMed: | Metabolic engineering for synthesis of aryl carotenoids in Rhodococcus. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoids from new apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties and their relationship with flesh and skin color. |
| PubMed: | [Simultaneous determination of five carotenoids in tomato by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography]. |
| PubMed: | Antioxidative properties of lycopene and other carotenoids from tomatoes: synergistic effects. |
| PubMed: | Novel beta-carotene ketolases from non-photosynthetic bacteria for canthaxanthin synthesis. |
| PubMed: | [Carotenoids and fatty acids in red yeasts Sporobolomyces roseus and Rhodotorula glutinis]. |
| PubMed: | Genetic manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum. |
| PubMed: | 1-Hydroxy monocyclic carotenoid 3,4-dehydrogenase from a marine bacterium that produces myxol. |
| PubMed: | The role of carotenoids in the photoadaptation of the brown-colored sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. |
| PubMed: | Asymmetrically acting lycopene beta-cyclases (CrtLm) from non-photosynthetic bacteria. |
| PubMed: | Oxygenated lycopene and dehydrated lutein in tomato puree. |
| PubMed: | Characterization of the chlorosome antenna of the filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Chloronema sp. strain UdG9001. |
| PubMed: | Structural and functional analysis of a lycopene beta-monocyclase gene isolated from a unique marine bacterium that produces myxol. |
| PubMed: | Nutritional deficiencies in German middle-class male alcohol consumers: relation to dietary intake and severity of liver disease. |
| PubMed: | A new carotenoid glycosyl ester isolated from a marine microorganism, Fusarium strain T-1. |
| PubMed: | Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carotenoids and their impact on human health. |
| PubMed: | Identification and quantification of carotenoid pigments in aeciospores of the daisy rust fungus, Puccinia distincta. |
| PubMed: | No changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations with the intake of plant sterol/stanol esters in the context of a controlled diet. |
| PubMed: | Roseiflexus castenholzii gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, filamentous, photosynthetic bacterium that lacks chlorosomes. |
| PubMed: | Absence of carotenes and presence of a tertiary methoxy group in a carotenoid from a thermophilic filamentous photosynthetic bacterium Roseiflexus castenholzii. |
| PubMed: | A novel, selective, and efficient route to carotenoids and related natural products via Zr-catalyzed carboalumination and Pd- and Zn-catalyzed cross coupling. |
| PubMed: | A single five-step desaturase is involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway to beta-carotene and torulene in Neurospora crassa. |
| PubMed: | Latin American food sources of carotenoids. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid and ultrastructure variations in plastids of Arum italicum Miller fruit during maturation and ripening. |
| PubMed: | Novel hydroxycarotenoids with improved antioxidative properties produced by gene combination in Escherichia coli. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid pigments in Rosa mosqueta hips, an alternative carotenoid source for foods. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoids from guava (Psidium guajava l.): isolation and structure elucidation. |
| PubMed: | Nutrient content of tomatoes and tomato products. |
| PubMed: | Synthesis of atypical cyclic and acyclic hydroxy carotenoids in Escherichia coli transformants. |
| PubMed: | Purification and biochemical characterization of a hydroxyneurosporene desaturase involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the carotenoid spheroidene in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. |
| PubMed: | New carotenoids from the thermophilic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum: 1',2'-dihydro-gamma-carotene, 1',2'-dihydrochlorobactene, and OH-chlorobactene glucoside ester, and the carotenoid composition of different strains. |
| PubMed: | Thermocryptoxanthins: novel intermediates in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Thermus thermophilus |
| PubMed: | Expression, purification and properties of lycopene cyclase from Erwinia uredovora. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid biosynthesis in wild type and mutant strains of Mucor circinelloides. |
| PubMed: | Biochemical characterization of purified zeta-carotene desaturase from Anabaena PCC 7120 after expression in Escherichia coli. |
| PubMed: | Chloroflexus aggregans sp. nov., a filamentous phototrophic bacterium which forms dense cell aggregates by active gliding movement. |
| PubMed: | Isolation, structural elucidation, and partial synthesis of lutein dehydration products in extracts from human plasma. |
| PubMed: | [Essential antioxidants in cardiovascular diseases--lessons for Europe]. |
| PubMed: | [Effect of ripening and drying on pro-vitamin A carotenoid content in pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Anaheim)]. |
| PubMed: | Determination of several retinoids, carotenoids and E vitamers by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to plasma and tissues of rats fed a diet rich in either beta-carotene or canthaxanthin. |
| PubMed: | In vivo channeling of substrates in an enzyme aggregate for beta-carotene biosynthesis. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers. |
| PubMed: | Identification of carotenoids in Erwinia herbicola and in a transformed Escherichia coli strain. |
| PubMed: | Photobleaching in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella parva 19/9. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid pigments of genus Rhodococcus. |
| PubMed: | Assessment of provitamin A determination by open column chromatography/visible absorption spectrophotometry. |
| PubMed: | Analysis of lipophilic pigments from a phototrophic microbial mat community by high performance liquid chromatography. |
| PubMed: | Pigment organization and energy transfer in the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus : II. The chlorosome. |
| PubMed: | Genetic regulation of carotene biosynthesis in selected tomato strains: aspects of beta-carotene biosynthesis and B gene specificity. |
| PubMed: | Chloroherpeton thalassium gen. nov. et spec. nov., a non-filamentous, flexing and gliding green sulfur bacterium. |
| PubMed: | Substrate transfer in carotene biosynthesis in Phycomyces. |
| PubMed: | Inhibition of carotenoid synthesis in Micrococcus roseus. |
| PubMed: | Structure of the principal carotenoid pigment of Cellulomonas biazotea. |
| PubMed: | Biosynthesis of aryl carotenoids: inhibitor studies of chlorobactene biosynthesis in Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum. |
| PubMed: | Carotenogenesis associated with arthrosporulation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. |
| PubMed: | Isolation and Characterization of Carotenoid-rich Lipid Globules from Peridinium foliaceum. |
| PubMed: | Studies on the near-UV effect on carotenogenesis in Verticillium agaricinum. |
| PubMed: | The carotenoids of Flavobacterium strain R1560. |
| PubMed: | N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and UV induced mutants of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid glucosides and menaquinones from the gliding bacterium Herpetosiphon giganteus Hp a2. |
| PubMed: | Bacterial carotenoids. LII. C50-Carotenoids. 18. Synthesis of the model compounds (2R,6S,2'R,6'S)-2,2'-dimethyl-gamma, gamma-carotene and (2R,2'R,6'S)-2,2'-dimethyl-beta,gamma-carotene. |
| PubMed: | 4-Keto-gamma-carotene(beta, psi-caroten-4-one), the major pigment of an Arthrobacter sp. |
| PubMed: | Enzymatic synthesis of C40 carotenes by cell-free preparation from Halobacterium cutirubrum. |
| PubMed: | [Thermus ruber obligate thermophilic bacteria in the thermal springs of Kamchatka]. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoid pigments of Mycobacterium kansasii. |
| PubMed: | Animal carotenoids. 8. Synthesis of beta, gamma-carotene and gamma, gamma-carotene. |
| PubMed: | A carotenogenic enzyme aggregate in Phycomyces: evidence from quantitive complementation. |
| PubMed: | [Studies on the carotenoids in petals of Oenothera : I. Qualitative and quantitative determinations in standard yellow, sulfurea and vetaurea flowers]. |
| PubMed: | Animal carotenoids. 7. Carotenes of two colour variants of the aphid Macrosiphum liriodendri--identification of natural gamma, gamma-carotene. |
| PubMed: | [Light dependent carotenoid synthesis : VI. Time course of synthesis of various carotenoids in Fusarium aquaeductuum after various inductive treatments]. |
| PubMed: | Lipids produced by Epicoccum nigrum in submerged culture. |
| PubMed: | [The identification of carotenoids from leaves and algae separated by thin-layer chromatography]. |
| PubMed: | [Gamma-carotene in Synchytrium taraxaci]. |
| PubMed: | [Extraction and quantitative determination of carotenoids and chlorophylls of leaves, algae and isolated chloroplasts with the aid of thin-layer chromatography]. |
| PubMed: | Carotenoids and related compounds. 13. Synthesis of 4-keto-gamma-carotene and its 1'-hydroxy-1',2'-dihydro derivative. |
| PubMed: | BIOSYNTHESIS OF YEAST CAROTENOIDS. |
| PubMed: | Gamma-carotene. |
| PubMed: | Stereoisomerization of the polycis compounds, pro-gamma-carotene and prolycopene in chickens and hens. |
| PubMed: | A rich source of gamma-carotene. |
| PubMed: | Contribution to the structure of pro-gamma-carotene and prolycopene obtained from various sources. |
| PubMed: | Stereochemical configuration and provitamin A activity; a comparison of all-trans-gamma-carotene and pro-gamma-carotene with all-trans-beta-carotene in the chick. |
| PubMed: | Stereochemical configuration and provitamin A activity; pro-gamma-carotene (a poly-cis compound) and its all-trans isomer in the rat. |
| PubMed: | Stereochemical configuration and provitamin A activity; some cis-trans isomers of gamma-carotene. |
| PubMed: | CAROTENOIDS OF TELIAL GALLS OF GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE LK. |
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