gamma-carotene
beta,psi-carotene
 
Notes:
None found
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CAS Number: 472-93-5Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Other(deleted CASRN): 10323-83-8
FDA UNII: DH369M0SOE
Nikkaji Web: J5.953F
Beilstein Number: 3226412
XlogP3: 14.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 536.88632000
Formula: C40 H56
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Category: natural substances and extractives
 
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Physical Properties:
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: 261.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Soluble in:
 water, 1.054e-013 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
None found
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Suppliers:
Sigma-Aldrich
For experimental / research use only.
gamma-Carotene analytical standard
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Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
Not determined
Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for gamma-carotene usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for gamma-carotene flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
EPI System: View
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EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
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Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 5280791
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany: 3
 2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E,19E)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene
Chemidplus: 0000472935
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References:
 2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E,19E)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Pubchem (cid): 5280791
Pubchem (sid): 134975504
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
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(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI: View
KEGG (GenomeNet): C05435
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): Search
FooDB: FDB014328
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
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Wikipedia: View
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
None Found
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 apricot fruit
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 capsicum annuum
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 carrot root
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 corn seed
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 fig fruit
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 ginkgo biloba tissue culture
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 grape fruit
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 guava
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 melon bitter melon pericarp
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 papaya fruit
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 passion fruit
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 persimmon
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 saffron stigma
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 tomato fruit
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Synonyms:
beta,psi-carotene
gamma-carotene, all-trans-
2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E,19E)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene
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Articles:
PubMed: Metabolites contributing to Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IA maturation and sclerotial differentiation revealed by UPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics.
PubMed: Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Lycopene β-Cyclase from Macrophytic Red Alga Bangia fuscopurpurea.
PubMed: Carotenoid stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles derived from the Actinomycete Gordonia amicalis HS-11 as effective free radical scavengers.
PubMed: Determination of target fat-soluble micronutrients in rainbow trout's muscle and liver tissues by liquid chromatography with diode array-tandem mass spectrometry detection.
PubMed: Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 CruA (sll0147) encodes lycopene cyclase and requires bound chlorophyll a for activity.
PubMed: Identification and characterization of yeasts isolated from sedimentary rocks of Union Glacier at the Antarctica.
PubMed: Waste cooking oil: A new substrate for carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation.
PubMed: Improvement of Sporobolomyces ruberrimus carotenoids production by the use of raw glycerol.
PubMed: Tolerance to Ultraviolet Radiation of Psychrotolerant Yeasts and Analysis of Their Carotenoid, Mycosporine, and Ergosterol Content.
PubMed: Crystal structure of 1'-OH-carotenoid 3,4-desaturase from Nonlabens dokdonensis DSW-6.
PubMed: Increased temperature produces changes in the bioactive composition of tomato, depending on its developmental stage.
PubMed: Chloracidobacterium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov.: an anoxygenic microaerophilic chlorophotoheterotrophic acidobacterium.
PubMed: Oxidative metabolites of lycopene and γ-carotene in gac (Momordica cochinchinensis).
PubMed: Changes in color-related compounds in tomato fruit exocarp and mesocarp during ripening using HPLC-APcI(+)-mass Spectrometry.
PubMed: From cheese whey to carotenes by Blakeslea trispora in a bubble column reactor.
PubMed: Lipid-dissolved γ-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene in globular chromoplasts of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) fruits.
PubMed: Identification of a novel carotenoid, 2'-isopentenylsaproxanthin, by Jejuia pallidilutea strain 11shimoA1 and its increased production under alkaline condition.
PubMed: Carotenoid production from n-alkanes with a broad range of chain lengths by the novel species Gordonia ajoucoccus A2(T).
PubMed: Tentative identification of torulene cis/trans geometrical isomers isolated from Sporidiobolus pararoseus by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry and preparation by column chromatography.
PubMed: Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis.
PubMed: Oxidative stress response of Blakeslea trispora induced by iron ions during carotene production in shake flask culture.
PubMed: Overexpression and characterization of lycopene cyclase (CrtY) from marine bacterium Paracoccus haeundaensis.
PubMed: Characterization and singlet oxygen quenching activity of (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-ketotorulene and (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-keto-γ-carotene isolated from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhrous.
PubMed: Characterization of an apo-carotenoid 13,14-dioxygenase from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans that converts β-apo-8'-carotenal to β-apo-13-carotenone.
PubMed: Partial synthesis of serum carotenoids and their metabolites.
PubMed: Biosynthesis of the biomarker okenone: χ-ring formation.
PubMed: Isolation of a novel carotenoid, OH-chlorobactene glucoside hexadecanoate, and related rare carotenoids from Rhodococcus sp. CIP and their antioxidative activities.
PubMed: Stimulation of the biosynthesis of carotenes by oxidative stress in Blakeslea trispora induced by elevated dissolved oxygen levels in the culture medium.
PubMed: The MAT1-2-1 mating-type gene upregulates photo-inducible carotenoid biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides.
PubMed: Associations of dietary dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: modification by smoking.
PubMed: Carotenoid composition and antioxidant activity of the raw and boiled fruit mesocarp of six varieties of Bactris gasipaes.
PubMed: Analysis and identification of astaxanthin and its carotenoid precursors from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by high-performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed: Spectroscopic studies of carotenoid-to-bacteriochlorophyll energy transfer in LHRC photosynthetic complex from Roseiflexus castenholzii.
PubMed: Excited state properties of aryl carotenoids.
PubMed: Identification of carotenoids produced from cheese whey by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation.
PubMed: Functional analysis of gamma-carotene ketolase involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis of Deinococcus radiodurans.
PubMed: Deviation of the neurosporaxanthin pathway towards beta-carotene biosynthesis in Fusarium fujikuroi by a point mutation in the phytoene desaturase gene.
PubMed: A novel carotenoid 1,2-hydratase (CruF) from two species of the non-photosynthetic bacterium Deinococcus.
PubMed: In vitro characterization of a recombinant Blh protein from an uncultured marine bacterium as a beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase.
PubMed: Dietary predictors of serum total carotene in low-income women living in São Paulo, south-east Brazil.
PubMed: Pigment organization in the photosynthetic apparatus of Roseiflexus castenholzii.
PubMed: Characterization of the rice carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 reveals a novel route for geranial biosynthesis.
PubMed: C(35)-apocarotenoids in the yellow mutant Neurospora crassa YLO.
PubMed: Substrate specificity of a recombinant chicken beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase that converts beta-carotene into retinal.
PubMed: Carotenoids in a Corynebacterineae, Gordonia terrae AIST-1: carotenoid glucosyl mycoloyl esters.
PubMed: Variation in the carotenoid composition of the lycopene-rich Brazilian fruit Eugenia uniflora L.
PubMed: Isorenieratene biosynthesis in green sulfur bacteria requires the cooperative actions of two carotenoid cyclases.
PubMed: Effect of biomass pre-treatment and solvent extraction on beta-carotene and lycopene recovery from Blakeslea trispora cells.
PubMed: Conversion of the lycopene monocyclase of Myxococcus xanthus into a bicyclase.
PubMed: Culture characteristics of carotenoid-producing filamentous fungus T-1, and carotenoid production.
PubMed: Carotenoid profiles of yeasts belonging to the genera Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Sporobolomyces, and Sporidiobolus.
PubMed: Tomato juice decreases LDL cholesterol levels and increases LDL resistance to oxidation.
PubMed: Identification of the gene responsible for torulene cleavage in the Neurospora carotenoid pathway.
PubMed: Diversity and function of Chloroflexus-like bacteria in a hypersaline microbial mat: phylogenetic characterization and impact on aerobic respiration.
PubMed: Retinal biosynthesis in fungi: characterization of the carotenoid oxygenase CarX from Fusarium fujikuroi.
PubMed: Simple method for the extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carotenoid pigments from red yeasts (Basidiomycota, Fungi).
PubMed: The biotechnological potential of the al-2 gene from Neurospora [correction of Neurospra] crassa for the production of monocyclic keto hydroxy carotenoids.
PubMed: Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum".
PubMed: Structure elucidation of deoxylutein II isomers by on-line capillary high performance liquid chromatography-(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
PubMed: Torularhodin and torulene are the major contributors to the carotenoid pool of marine Rhodosporidium babjevae (Golubev).
PubMed: Analysis of carotenoid composition in petals of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.).
PubMed: Biosynthesis of the xanthophyll plectaniaxanthin as a stress response in the red yeast Dioszegia (Tremellales, Heterobasidiomycetes, Fungi).
PubMed: Lipids of Haloferax alexandrinus strain TM(T): an extremely halophilic canthaxanthin-producing archaeon.
PubMed: Monocyclic carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous).
PubMed: Purification and characterization of the B808-866 light-harvesting complex from green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus.
PubMed: Metabolic engineering for synthesis of aryl carotenoids in Rhodococcus.
PubMed: Carotenoids from new apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties and their relationship with flesh and skin color.
PubMed: [Simultaneous determination of five carotenoids in tomato by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed: Antioxidative properties of lycopene and other carotenoids from tomatoes: synergistic effects.
PubMed: Novel beta-carotene ketolases from non-photosynthetic bacteria for canthaxanthin synthesis.
PubMed: [Carotenoids and fatty acids in red yeasts Sporobolomyces roseus and Rhodotorula glutinis].
PubMed: Genetic manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum.
PubMed: 1-Hydroxy monocyclic carotenoid 3,4-dehydrogenase from a marine bacterium that produces myxol.
PubMed: The role of carotenoids in the photoadaptation of the brown-colored sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides.
PubMed: Asymmetrically acting lycopene beta-cyclases (CrtLm) from non-photosynthetic bacteria.
PubMed: Oxygenated lycopene and dehydrated lutein in tomato puree.
PubMed: Characterization of the chlorosome antenna of the filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Chloronema sp. strain UdG9001.
PubMed: Structural and functional analysis of a lycopene beta-monocyclase gene isolated from a unique marine bacterium that produces myxol.
PubMed: Nutritional deficiencies in German middle-class male alcohol consumers: relation to dietary intake and severity of liver disease.
PubMed: A new carotenoid glycosyl ester isolated from a marine microorganism, Fusarium strain T-1.
PubMed: Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carotenoids and their impact on human health.
PubMed: Identification and quantification of carotenoid pigments in aeciospores of the daisy rust fungus, Puccinia distincta.
PubMed: No changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations with the intake of plant sterol/stanol esters in the context of a controlled diet.
PubMed: Roseiflexus castenholzii gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, filamentous, photosynthetic bacterium that lacks chlorosomes.
PubMed: Absence of carotenes and presence of a tertiary methoxy group in a carotenoid from a thermophilic filamentous photosynthetic bacterium Roseiflexus castenholzii.
PubMed: A novel, selective, and efficient route to carotenoids and related natural products via Zr-catalyzed carboalumination and Pd- and Zn-catalyzed cross coupling.
PubMed: A single five-step desaturase is involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway to beta-carotene and torulene in Neurospora crassa.
PubMed: Latin American food sources of carotenoids.
PubMed: Carotenoid and ultrastructure variations in plastids of Arum italicum Miller fruit during maturation and ripening.
PubMed: Novel hydroxycarotenoids with improved antioxidative properties produced by gene combination in Escherichia coli.
PubMed: Carotenoid pigments in Rosa mosqueta hips, an alternative carotenoid source for foods.
PubMed: Carotenoids from guava (Psidium guajava l.): isolation and structure elucidation.
PubMed: Nutrient content of tomatoes and tomato products.
PubMed: Synthesis of atypical cyclic and acyclic hydroxy carotenoids in Escherichia coli transformants.
PubMed: Purification and biochemical characterization of a hydroxyneurosporene desaturase involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the carotenoid spheroidene in Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
PubMed: New carotenoids from the thermophilic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum: 1',2'-dihydro-gamma-carotene, 1',2'-dihydrochlorobactene, and OH-chlorobactene glucoside ester, and the carotenoid composition of different strains.
PubMed: Thermocryptoxanthins: novel intermediates in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Thermus thermophilus
PubMed: Expression, purification and properties of lycopene cyclase from Erwinia uredovora.
PubMed: Carotenoid biosynthesis in wild type and mutant strains of Mucor circinelloides.
PubMed: Biochemical characterization of purified zeta-carotene desaturase from Anabaena PCC 7120 after expression in Escherichia coli.
PubMed: Chloroflexus aggregans sp. nov., a filamentous phototrophic bacterium which forms dense cell aggregates by active gliding movement.
PubMed: Isolation, structural elucidation, and partial synthesis of lutein dehydration products in extracts from human plasma.
PubMed: [Essential antioxidants in cardiovascular diseases--lessons for Europe].
PubMed: [Effect of ripening and drying on pro-vitamin A carotenoid content in pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Anaheim)].
PubMed: Determination of several retinoids, carotenoids and E vitamers by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to plasma and tissues of rats fed a diet rich in either beta-carotene or canthaxanthin.
PubMed: In vivo channeling of substrates in an enzyme aggregate for beta-carotene biosynthesis.
PubMed: Carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers.
PubMed: Identification of carotenoids in Erwinia herbicola and in a transformed Escherichia coli strain.
PubMed: Photobleaching in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella parva 19/9.
PubMed: Carotenoid pigments of genus Rhodococcus.
PubMed: Assessment of provitamin A determination by open column chromatography/visible absorption spectrophotometry.
PubMed: Analysis of lipophilic pigments from a phototrophic microbial mat community by high performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed: Pigment organization and energy transfer in the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus : II. The chlorosome.
PubMed: Genetic regulation of carotene biosynthesis in selected tomato strains: aspects of beta-carotene biosynthesis and B gene specificity.
PubMed: Chloroherpeton thalassium gen. nov. et spec. nov., a non-filamentous, flexing and gliding green sulfur bacterium.
PubMed: Substrate transfer in carotene biosynthesis in Phycomyces.
PubMed: Inhibition of carotenoid synthesis in Micrococcus roseus.
PubMed: Structure of the principal carotenoid pigment of Cellulomonas biazotea.
PubMed: Biosynthesis of aryl carotenoids: inhibitor studies of chlorobactene biosynthesis in Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum.
PubMed: Carotenogenesis associated with arthrosporulation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
PubMed: Isolation and Characterization of Carotenoid-rich Lipid Globules from Peridinium foliaceum.
PubMed: Studies on the near-UV effect on carotenogenesis in Verticillium agaricinum.
PubMed: The carotenoids of Flavobacterium strain R1560.
PubMed: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and UV induced mutants of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii.
PubMed: Carotenoid glucosides and menaquinones from the gliding bacterium Herpetosiphon giganteus Hp a2.
PubMed: Bacterial carotenoids. LII. C50-Carotenoids. 18. Synthesis of the model compounds (2R,6S,2'R,6'S)-2,2'-dimethyl-gamma, gamma-carotene and (2R,2'R,6'S)-2,2'-dimethyl-beta,gamma-carotene.
PubMed: 4-Keto-gamma-carotene(beta, psi-caroten-4-one), the major pigment of an Arthrobacter sp.
PubMed: Enzymatic synthesis of C40 carotenes by cell-free preparation from Halobacterium cutirubrum.
PubMed: [Thermus ruber obligate thermophilic bacteria in the thermal springs of Kamchatka].
PubMed: Carotenoid pigments of Mycobacterium kansasii.
PubMed: Animal carotenoids. 8. Synthesis of beta, gamma-carotene and gamma, gamma-carotene.
PubMed: A carotenogenic enzyme aggregate in Phycomyces: evidence from quantitive complementation.
PubMed: [Studies on the carotenoids in petals of Oenothera : I. Qualitative and quantitative determinations in standard yellow, sulfurea and vetaurea flowers].
PubMed: Animal carotenoids. 7. Carotenes of two colour variants of the aphid Macrosiphum liriodendri--identification of natural gamma, gamma-carotene.
PubMed: [Light dependent carotenoid synthesis : VI. Time course of synthesis of various carotenoids in Fusarium aquaeductuum after various inductive treatments].
PubMed: Lipids produced by Epicoccum nigrum in submerged culture.
PubMed: [The identification of carotenoids from leaves and algae separated by thin-layer chromatography].
PubMed: [Gamma-carotene in Synchytrium taraxaci].
PubMed: [Extraction and quantitative determination of carotenoids and chlorophylls of leaves, algae and isolated chloroplasts with the aid of thin-layer chromatography].
PubMed: Carotenoids and related compounds. 13. Synthesis of 4-keto-gamma-carotene and its 1'-hydroxy-1',2'-dihydro derivative.
PubMed: BIOSYNTHESIS OF YEAST CAROTENOIDS.
PubMed: Gamma-carotene.
PubMed: Stereoisomerization of the polycis compounds, pro-gamma-carotene and prolycopene in chickens and hens.
PubMed: A rich source of gamma-carotene.
PubMed: Contribution to the structure of pro-gamma-carotene and prolycopene obtained from various sources.
PubMed: Stereochemical configuration and provitamin A activity; a comparison of all-trans-gamma-carotene and pro-gamma-carotene with all-trans-beta-carotene in the chick.
PubMed: Stereochemical configuration and provitamin A activity; pro-gamma-carotene (a poly-cis compound) and its all-trans isomer in the rat.
PubMed: Stereochemical configuration and provitamin A activity; some cis-trans isomers of gamma-carotene.
PubMed: CAROTENOIDS OF TELIAL GALLS OF GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE LK.
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