niacin
3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
 
Notes:
a water-soluble vitamin of the b complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. it is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes nad and nadp. it has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. Present in fruits and other plant materials. Nutrient supplement. Vitamin, enzyme cofactor [DFC] Niacin (also known as vitamin B3, nicotinic acid and vitamin PP) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients. This colorless, water-soluble solid is a derivative of pyridine, with a carboxyl group (COOH) at the 3-position. Other forms of vitamin B3 include the corresponding amide, nicotinamide ("niacinamide"), where the carboxyl group has been replaced by a carboxamide group (CONH2), as well as more complex amides and a variety of esters. The terms niacin, nicotinamide, and vitamin B3 are often used interchangeably to refer to any member of this family of compounds, since they have the same biochemical activity. [Wikipedia]
  • American International Chemical, LLC.
    • American International Chemical, Inc.
      Consistent sources
      North American supplier for globally sourced ingredients.
      AIC is a Westborough, MA based ISO Certified sales and marketing company serving the food, pharmaceutical, nutritional, personal care, biotech, and industrial markets of North America since 1972. Our success is a result of a company culture built on customer needs, along with partnerships with global manufacturers committed to the rigors and demands of the North American market. Our team of Sales Representatives, along with our network of strategically located warehouses are ready to supply product when and where you need it.
      Email: Info
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      Product(s):
      NIFJIG Niacin
       
  • BOC Sciences
    • BOC Sciences
      Best of Chemicals Supplier
      Quality supplier of research chemicals and biochemicals including inhibitors, building blocks, GMP Products, impurities and metabolites, APIs for Veterinary, Natural Compounds, ADCs, Stem Cell Molecule and chiral compounds.
      BOC Sciences provides a wide range of services to support the pharmaceutical industry through all stages of drug discovery including Custom Synthesis of those chemicals that are not in stock, Isotope Labeling Service, Chiral Synthesis and Resolution, Bioconjugation, PEGylation services, analytical services.
      BOC Sciences is a brand of BOCSCI Inc. We leverage our wide spectrum of business in the fields of development, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution to help you make best-informed decisions tailored to your evolving needs for premium chemicals. Our complete suite of CRO services spans the entire molecule development pipeline including contract research for target identification, building blocks, compound synthesis, biochemical and cellular analysis, preclinical animal tests, and clinical studies.
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      Product(s):
      59-67-6 Nicotinic acid >98%
      Nicotinic Acid is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family.
       
       
  • Charkit Chemical
    • Charkit Chemical Corporation
      The Specialty Chemical Specialists
      Explore this website to discover the products and services that Charkit provides for your industry and please contact us directly to find out how we can be of service to you.
      about: Since 1982, Charkit has been committed to expanding the markets we serve as our roster of products and services continues to grow with us. Our substantial portfolio of personal care ingredients now include a wide array of luxury and exotic components to compliment the key products we have always offered. We have expanded our offerings to the nutraceutical, industrial, and resin markets with a growing roster of versatile and unique ingredients. We continue to lead the way in our traditional markets such as Metal and Water Treatment, Imaging, Flavor & Fragrance, Aroma and Food. Our Pharmaceutical offerings continue to expand, still anchored by the Boronic Derivatives that meet the demands of Suzuki coupling reactions. Please contact us to learn how we can help you reach your goals.
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      Product(s):
      NIACIN USP GRANULAR
      NIACIN USP POWDER
       
  • ECSA Chemicals
    • ECSA Chemicals
      Human Chemistry
      ECSA Chemicals has been active since 1913 in the trading and international commerce of raw materials. With an organisation divided into industrial segments managed by specialists, it has become one of the largest distributors worldwide.
      ECSA Chemicals is the largest Swiss-owned company in terms of warehouses for the distribution of chemical products. We have been distributing chemical products for over 100 years and we have a special interest in protecting the environment and in the safety of our facilities and collaborators.
      Established in 1913 as a small grocery store, in its over 100 years of activity ECSA Chemicals has become one of the most important Swiss-owned distributors of chemical products. The company, which is active in international distribution and trading, is organised into industrial segments that are managed by teams of specialists and experts. They guarantee professional and customised consultancy and services. With our experience, we can rapidly and safely connect you with the best suppliers on the market, providing you with a complete search, consulting and assistance service. The focus of our approach and operations is you, our customers. We strive every day to find the best products that satisfy your needs as quickly as possible. Your satisfaction is our greatest success. WHY CHOOSE ECSA? EXPERIENCE We have been working for 100 years. QUALITY We have obtained many certifications (ISO, SQAS, GDP, Responsible Care, Bio-Inspecta, RSPO, etc.). We guarantee full compliance with the current laws and continuous training for our staff. SAFETY We constantly carry out risk analyses for each infrastructure, defining safety levels and implementing corrective measures promptly wherever they are needed. WIDESPREAD DISTRIBUTION We have warehouses in strategic locations to supply goods to Switzerland and to the rest of the world. STORAGE CAPACITY The 3 ECSA-owned warehouses guarantee considerable storage area and capacity in each warehouse, with full availability of products (base chemicals and speciality chemicals). SPEED Presence all over the country, staff dedicated to sourcing raw materials and considerable storage capacity guarantee that goods are rapidly obtained and supplied. CONSULTANCY Our specialists - in-depth knowledge of the market and products allows us to provide full consulting services, from the purchase to the supply of raw materials.
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      Product(s):
      MP-023419 NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN) POWDER BP
       
  • Glentham Life Sciences
  • Penta International
    • Penta International Corporation
      Chemistry innovation
      At Penta, our products and services help businesses do business better.
      For over 30 years, Penta Manufacturing Company has played a growing role in worldwide chemistry innovations and applications. As an industry leader, Penta continues to pioneer chemistry-based solutions for practically every area of commerce. Our products and expertise have helped fuel technical advances in dozens of commercial applications including flavoring, coloring, fragrances and chemical processes.
      US Email: Technical Services
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      Product(s):
      14-28000 NICOTINIC ACID
      14-28010 NICOTINIC ACID USP
      14-28020 NICOTINIC ACID FCC
       
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search
CAS Number: 59-67-6Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 200-441-0
FDA UNII: 2679MF687A
Nikkaji Web: J2.809F
Beilstein Number: 0109591
MDL: MFCD00006391
XlogP3: 0.40 (est)
Molecular Weight: 123.11125000
Formula: C6 H5 N O2
BioActivity Summary: listing
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
Category: nutrient supplements
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar: Search
Google Books: Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Perfumer and Flavorist: Search
Google Patents: Search
US Patents: Search
EU Patents: Search
Pubchem Patents: Search
PubMed: Search
NCBI: Search
 FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices:
184.1530 Niacin (nicotinic acid) View - review
FDA Mainterm (SATF):59-67-6 ; NIACIN
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 101 -- FOOD LABELING
Subpart A--General Provisions
Sec. 101.9 Nutrition labeling of food.


FDA PART 107 -- INFANT FORMULA
Subpart D--Nutrient Requirements
Sec. 107.100 Nutrient specifications.


FDA PART 136 -- BAKERY PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Bakery Products
Sec. 136.115 Enriched bread, rolls, and buns.


FDA PART 137 -- CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Cereal Flours and Related Products
Sec. 137.165 Enriched flour.


FDA PART 137 -- CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Cereal Flours and Related Products
Sec. 137.180 Self-rising flour.


FDA PART 137 -- CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS


FDA PART 137 -- CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Cereal Flours and Related Products
Sec. 137.260 Enriched corn meals.


FDA PART 137 -- CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Cereal Flours and Related Products
Sec. 137.305 Enriched farina.


FDA PART 137 -- CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Cereal Flours and Related Products
Sec. 137.350 Enriched rice.


FDA PART 139 -- MACARONI AND NOODLE PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Macaroni and Noodle Products
Sec. 139.115 Enriched macaroni products.


FDA PART 139 -- MACARONI AND NOODLE PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Macaroni and Noodle Products
Sec. 139.117 Enriched macaroni products with fortified protein.


FDA PART 139 -- MACARONI AND NOODLE PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Macaroni and Noodle Products
Sec. 139.122 Enriched nonfat milk macaroni products.


FDA PART 139 -- MACARONI AND NOODLE PRODUCTS
Subpart B--Requirements for Specific Standardized Macaroni and Noodle Products
Sec. 139.155 Enriched noodle products.


FDA PART 184 -- DIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE
Subpart B--Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as GRAS
Sec. 184.1530 Niacin.
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Physical Properties:
Appearance: white crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 236.00 to  238.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 292.47 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 0.001000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: 267.00 °F. TCC ( 130.70 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 0.360
Soluble in:
 water, 18000 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Cosmetic Information:
CosIng: cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: antistatic agents
smoothing agents
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Suppliers:
AIDP
Niacin B3 99.0-101.0%
Alfa Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Nicotinic acid 98%
American International Chemical, LLC.
Niacin
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
Nicotinic acid >98%
Odor: characteristic
Use: Nicotinic Acid is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family.
Charkit Chemical
NIACIN USP GRANULAR
Charkit Chemical
NIACIN USP POWDER
ECSA Chemicals
NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN) POWDER BP
ECSA TRADE THE MOST UPDATED FINANCIAL PUBLICATION ON THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY
Farbest-Tallman Foods
Niacin USP Powder
Flavor: characteristic
It is used in food, beverage and dietary supplement applications including bakery mixes, cereals, nutrition bars and hard shell capsules as a source of Vitamin B3.
Foodchem International
Nicotinic Acid
George Uhe Company
Niacin
Glentham Life Sciences
Nicotinic acid
Maypro Industries
Niacin
Penta International
NICOTINIC ACID FCC
Penta International
NICOTINIC ACID USP
Penta International
NICOTINIC ACID
Prinova
Niacin USP; granular; powder
Sigma-Aldrich
For experimental / research use only.
Nicotinic acid ≥98%
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-rat LD50  7000 mg/kg
Drugs in Japan Vol. 6, Pg. 544, 1982.

intravenous-guinea pig LDLo  3500 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 38, Pg. 241, 1938.

intravenous-man TDLo  357 ug/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS CARDIAC: CARDIAC OUTPUT
Annals of Internal Medicine. Vol. 29, Pg. 558, 1948.

oral-man TDLo  2571 mg/kg/90D
BLOOD: CHANGES IN PLATELET COUNT BLOOD: CHANGE IN CLOTTING FACTORS
Archives of Internal Medicine. Vol. 152, Pg. 861, 1992.

oral-man TDLo  9713 mg/kg/58W
SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): SWEATING: OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
Southern Medical Journal. Vol. 84, Pg. 496, 1991.

oral-man TDLo  31200 mg/kg/78
SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL FIELD CHANGES: EYE SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER: EYE
JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 279, Pg. 1702, 1998.

intraperitoneal-mouse LD50  358 mg/kg
Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 14, Pg. 741, 1977.

intravenous-mouse LD50  5000 mg/kg
Therapie. Vol. 26, Pg. 831, 1971.

oral-mouse LD50  3720 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES
Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 7, Pg. 149, 1973.

unreported-mouse LD50  4000 mg/kg
British UK Patent Application. Vol. #2041937

oral-rabbit LD50  4550 mg/kg
Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 14, Pg. 741, 1977.

intraperitoneal-rat LD50  730 mg/kg
Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 14, Pg. 741, 1977.

unreported-rat LD50  4000 mg/kg
United States Patent Document. Vol. #4412998

intravenous-rat LDLo  3500 mg/kg
BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 38, Pg. 241, 1938.

Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-rat LD50 5000 mg/kg
Drugs in Japan Vol. 6, Pg. 544, 1982.

subcutaneous-mouse LD50 3500 mg/kg
Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. Vol. 14, Pg. 741, 1977.

Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety in Use Information:
Category: nutrient supplements
Recommendation for niacin usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for niacin flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to a combination of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, D-biotin and pumpkin seed oil and maintenance of normal hair pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of niacin (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) as a feed additive for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Vertellus Specialties Belgium BV
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for niacin
View page or View pdf
Outcome of a public consultation on the Draft Scientific Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on Dietary Reference Values for niacin
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for niacin
View page or View pdf
Niacin and contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
View page or View pdf
EPI System: View
ClinicalTrials.gov: search
Daily Med: search
NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards: search
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: Search
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
Carcinogenic Potency Database: Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): 59-67-6
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 938
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany: 1
 pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
Chemidplus: 0000059676
EPA/NOAA CAMEO: hazardous materials
RTECS: 59-67-6
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
References:
 pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 59-67-6
Pubchem (cid): 938
Pubchem (sid): 134972613
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): View
CHEBI: View
CHEMBL: View
Golm Metabolome Database: Search
Metabolomics Database: Search
KEGG (GenomeNet): C00253
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB01488
FooDB: FDB001014
YMDB (Yeast Metabolome Database): YMDB00224
Export Tariff Code: 2936.29.1520
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: View
MedlinePlusSupp: View
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider: View
Wikipedia: View
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Potential Uses:
 antistatic agents 
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
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 black gram seed
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 broccoli asparagus broccoli leaf
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 burdock root
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 butterbur plant
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 cabbage leaf
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 cacao bean seed
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 cacao fruit
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 cacao plant
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 cantaloupe fruit
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 caraway seed
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 cardamom seed
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 carrot root
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 cashew fruit
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 cashew leaf
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 cashew nut
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 cassava leaf
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 cassava root
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 cayenne fruit
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 celery fruit
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 celery plant
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 celery seed
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 chamomile garden chamomile flower
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 chamomile sweet false chamomile plant
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 chayote fruit
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 chayote shoot
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 cherimoya fruit
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 cherry brazilian cherry fruit
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 cherry sour cherry fruit
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 chestnut water chestnut tuber
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 chickpea seed
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 chicory leaf
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 chicory root
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 chive leaf
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 chrysanthemum coronarium bud
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 chrysanthemum coronarium leaf
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 chrysanthemum edible chrysanthemum bud
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 chrysanthemum edible chrysanthemum leaf
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 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon bark
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 coconut seed
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 coffee bean
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 coffee leaf
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 coriander fruit
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 coriander leaf
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 coriander seed
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 corn cob
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 corn seed
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 corn silk
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 cotton seed
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 cranberry fruit
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 cress garden cress leaf
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 cucumber fruit
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 cumin seed
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 currant black currant fruit
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 currant red currant fruit
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 dandelion leaf
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 dandelion root
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 date palm fruit
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 dill plant
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 dill seed
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 durian fruit
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 eggplant fruit
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 elder black elder fruit
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 endive leaf
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 fennel plant
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 fennel seed
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 fenugreek seed
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 fig fruit
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 flax seed
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 garlic bulb
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 garlic flower
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 garlic leaf
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 garlic root
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 garlic shoot
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 ginger root
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 ginkgo biloba leaf
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 ginkgo biloba seed
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 gooseberry fruit
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 goosefoot leaf
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 goosefoot seed
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 gourd calabash gourd fruit
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 gourd white gourd fruit
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 grape fruit
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 grape stem
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 guava fruit
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 guava strawberry guava fruit
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 hazelnut seed
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 horseradish root
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 irish moss plant
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 jackfruit fruit
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 jambul fruit
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 kiwi fruit
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 kohlrabi stem
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 leek wild leek flower
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 leek wild leek leaf
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 leek wild leek plant
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 lemon fruit
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 lentil seed
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 lentil sprout
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 lettuce leaf
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 lime fruit
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 loquat fruit
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 lotus indian lotus rhizome
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 lotus indian lotus seed
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 luffa fruit
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 lupine white lupine seed
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 macadamia nut
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 mallow jew's mallow leaf
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 mamey fruit
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 mandarin fruit
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 mango fruit
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 mango leaf
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 mangosteen fruit
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 marango fruit
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 marango shoot
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 marjoram plant
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 melon bitter melon fruit
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 melon bitter melon leaf
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 mugwort leaf
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 mustard white mustard seed
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 nance fruit
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 oat plant
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 oat seed
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 okra fruit
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 onion bulb
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 onion leaf
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 orange fruit
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 oregano plant
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 papaya fruit
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 papaya leaf
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 parsley plant
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 parsley sprout
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 parsley tissue culture
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 parsnip root
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 passion fruit fruit
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 pea black-eyed pea seed
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 pea black-eyed pea shoot
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 pea fruit
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 pea pigeon pea fruit
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 pea pigeon pea seed
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 pea seed
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 pea sprout
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 peach fruit
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 peanut leaf
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 peanut seed
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 pear fruit
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 pepper bell pepper fruit
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 pepper black pepper fruit
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 pepper black pepper seed
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 peppermint leaf
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 pigweed leaf
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 pine pinyon pine seed
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 pineapple fruit
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 pistachio nut
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 plum fruit
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 plum malabar plum fruit
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 pokeweed shoot
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 pomegranate fruit
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 poppy opium poppy leaf
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 poppy opium poppy seed
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 potato sweet potat root
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 potato sweet potato leaf
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 potato sweet potato root
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 potato tuber
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 purslane herb
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 quince fruit
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 radish fruit
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 radish leaf
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 radish root
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 raspberry red raspberry fruit
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 raspberry red raspberry leaf
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 rhubarb leaf
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 rhubarb plant
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 rice seed
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 roselle flower
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 roselle leaf
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 rosemary leaf
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 rye seed
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 safflower flower
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 safflower seed
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 sage leaf
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 salsify root
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 sapodilla fruit
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 savory summer savory plant
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 sesame seed
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 sorrel garden sorrel leaf
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 soursop fruit
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 soybean fruit
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 soybean seed
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 soybean sprout
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 spearmint plant
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 spinach indian spinach leaf
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 spinach plant
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 spinach sea spinach leaf
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 spinach water spinach leaf
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 spirulina plant
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 squash summer squash fruit
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 star fruit fruit
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 sunflower seed
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 tamarind
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 tamarind flower
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 tamarind fruit
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 tamarind leaf
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 tamarind seed
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 taro leaf
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 taro root
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 tarragon plant
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 tea leaf
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 thyme leaf
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 thyme plant
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 tomatillo fruit
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 tomato fruit
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 turmeric plant
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 turmeric rhizome
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 walnut black walnut nut
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 walnut black walnut pericarp
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 walnut english walnut nut
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 watercress herb
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 watermelon fruit
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 wheat plant
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 wheat seed
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 yam mountain yam root
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 yam wild yam root
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Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Synonyms:
3-carboxyl pyridine
3-carboxypyridine
 niacin (vitamin B3)
 niacin granular feed grade
 niacin USP powder
 nicotinic acid
 nicotinic acid USP grade
3-pyridine carboxylic acid
 pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
 pyridine-beta-carboxylic acid
3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
3-pyridylcarboxylic acid
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Articles:
PubMed: Identification of tartary buckwheat tea aroma compounds with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed: [Fortification and evaluation of the nixtamal tortillas].
PubMed: Whole grains, refined grains and fortified refined grains: What's the difference?
PubMed: Characteristics of milk and reduced fat cheddar cheese from cows fed extruded soybeans and niacin.
PubMed: [Development and optimization of an isotonic sports drink].
PubMed: Hard-to-cook phenomenon in common beans--a review.
PubMed: Wild rice: the Indian's staple and the white man's delicacy.
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