hydrocyanic acid
hydrogen cyanide
 
Notes:
hydrogen cyanide (hcn); a toxic liquid or colorless gas. it is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. Present in freshly distilled bitter almond oil (2-4%) prior to its removal by precipitation as calcium ferrocyanide to give food quality oil HCN is formed in Interstellar clouds through one of two major pathways: via a neutral-neutral reaction (CH2 + N ? HCN + H) and via dissociative recombination (HCNH+ + e- ? HCN + H). The dissociative recombination pathway is dominant by 30%; however, the HCNH+ must be in its linear form. Dissociative recombination with its structural isomer, H2NC+ produces hydrogen isocyanide (HNC), exclusively.; Hydrogen cyanide (with the historical common name of Prussic acid) is a chemical compound with chemical formula HCN. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water is called hydrocyanic acid. Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless, extremely poisonous, and highly volatile liquid that boils slightly above room temperature at 26 °C (78.8 °F). HCN has a faint, bitter, almond-like odor that some people are unable to detect due to a genetic trait. Hydrogen cyanide is weakly acidic and partly ionizes in solution to give the cyanide anion, CN?. The salts of hydrogen cyanide are known as cyanides. HCN is a highly valuable precursor to many chemical compounds ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals.; Hydrogen cyanide is a linear molecule, with a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. It is a weak acid with a pKa of 9.2. A minor tautomer of HCN is HNC, hydrogen isocyanide.
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CAS Number: 74-90-8Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Other: 191234-22-7
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 200-821-6
FDA UNII: 2WTB3V159F
Nikkaji Web: J209.341C
Beilstein Number: 1718793
XlogP3-AA: 0.10 (est)
Molecular Weight: 27.02597000
Formula: C H N
BioActivity Summary: listing
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
Category: natural substances and extractives
 
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Physical Properties:
Appearance: colorless gas or liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.68740 @  0.00 °C.
Refractive Index: 1.26190 @  0.00 °C.
Melting Point: 5.00 °C. @ 0.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 79.00 °C. @ 0.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 742.000000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 0.94 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: -27.00 °F. TCC ( -32.50 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): -0.250
Soluble in:
 water, 1.00E+06 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
 water, 9.54e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
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Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
None found
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Suppliers:
 None found
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Safety Information:
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-bird - wild LDLo  7500 ug/kg
"Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931Vol. -, Pg. -, 1931.

intravenous-cat LD50  810 ug/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A028-501

intravenous-dog LD50  1340 ug/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A028-501

oral-dog LDLo  4 mg/kg
"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1340, 1935.

oral-duck LDLo  3280 ug/kg
"Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931Vol. -, Pg. -, 1931.

intravenous-guinea pig LD50  1430 ug/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A028-501

oral-human LDLo  570 ug/kg
Pesticide Chemicals Official Compendium, Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 1966. Vol. -, Pg. 596, 1966.

unreported-man LDLo  1471 ug/kg
"Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970Vol. 2, Pg. 73, 1970.

intravenous-man TDLo  55 ug/kg
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION
National Technical Information Service. Vol. PB158-508

intramuscular-mouse LD50  2700 ug/kg
British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. Vol. 23, Pg. 455, 1964.

intraperitoneal-mouse LD50  2990 ug/kg
British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. Vol. 23, Pg. 455, 1964.

intravenous-mouse LD50  990 ug/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A028-501

oral-mouse LD50  3700 ug/kg
Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises. Vol. 19, Pg. 740, 1961.

intramuscular-rabbit LD50  486 ug/kg
Journal of the American College of Toxicology. Vol. 1(3), Pg. 120, 1982.

intraperitoneal-rabbit LD50  1570 ug/kg
British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. Vol. 23, Pg. 455, 1964.

intravenous-rabbit LD50  660 ug/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A028-501

oral-rabbit LDLo  4 mg/kg
"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1340, 1935.

intravenous-rat LD50  810 ug/kg
National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A028-501

Dermal Toxicity:
subcutaneous-bird - wild LDLo 100 ug/kg
"Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931Vol. -, Pg. -, 1931.

subcutaneous-cat LDLo 1100 ug/kg
"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1340, 1935.

subcutaneous-dog LDLo 1700 ug/kg
"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1340, 1935.

subcutaneous-frog LDLo 60 mg/kg
"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1340, 1935.

subcutaneous-guinea pig LDLo 100 ug/kg
"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1340, 1935.

subcutaneous-human LDLo 1 mg/kg
Science Journal. Vol. 3(4), Pg. 33, 1967.

subcutaneous-mouse LDLo 3 mg/kg
"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1340, 1935.

subcutaneous-rabbit LD50 2500 ug/kg
British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. Vol. 23, Pg. 455, 1964.

Inhalation Toxicity:
inhalation-human LCLo 120 mg/m3/1H
Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 24, Pg. 255, 1942.

inhalation-human LCLo 200 mg/m3/10M
BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING
World Health Organization, Technical Report Series. Vol. -, Pg. 30, 1970.

inhalation-mammal (species unspecified) LCLo 36 ppm/2H
Tabulae Biologicae. Vol. 3, Pg. 231, 1933.

inhalation-mammal (species unspecified) LCLo 200 ppm/5M
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 138, Pg. 65, 1928.

inhalation-man LCLo 400 mg/m3/2M
"Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 75, 1982.

inhalation-man TCLo 500 mg/m3/3M-C
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION BEHAVIORAL: COMA SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE
Human Toxicology. Vol. 3, Pg. 57, 1984.

inhalation-mouse LC50 323 ppm/5M
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 42, Pg. 417, 1977.

inhalation-rabbit LC50 208 mg/m3/35M
BRAIN AND COVERINGS: OTHER DEGENERATIVE CHANGES CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES
Toxic Substances Journal. Vol. 13, Pg. 263, 1994.

inhalation-rat LC50 160 ppm/30M
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. Vol. 9, Pg. 236, 1987.

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Safety in Use Information:
Category: natural substances and extractives
Recommendation for hydrocyanic acid usage levels up to:
 not for fragrance use.
 
Recommendation for hydrocyanic acid flavor usage levels up to:
 not for flavor use.
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Safety References:
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on hydrocyanic acid in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties.
View page or View pdf
Evaluation of monitoring data on levels of ethyl carbamate in the years 2010-2012
View page or View pdf
Assessment of a decontamination process for hydrocyanic acid in linseed intended for use in animal feed
View page or View pdf
EPI System: View
EPA-Iris: IRIS
Daily Med: search
NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards: search
NIOSH Pocket Guide: search
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): 74-90-8
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 768
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany: 3
 formonitrile
Chemidplus: 0000074908
EPA/NOAA CAMEO: hazardous materials
RTECS: 74-90-8
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References:
 formonitrile
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 74-90-8
Pubchem (cid): 768
Pubchem (sid): 134970573
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
CHEBI: View
CHEMBL: View
KEGG (GenomeNet): C01326
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): Search
FooDB: FDB014486
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
ChemSpider: View
Wikipedia: View
Formulations/Preparations:
•grades: technical (96-98%); 2, 5, and 10% solutions. all grades usually contain stabilizer, usually 0.05% phosphoric acid •hydrogen cyanide is sold as a gas and is also available as a technical grade liquid in concentrations of 5, 10, and 96-99.5%. almost all grades of hydrogen cyanide contain a stabilizer such as phosphoric acid to prevent decomposition and explosion.
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
None Found
 
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Potential Uses:
None Found
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Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 almond bitter almond
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 almond seed
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 apple custard apple plant
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 apple custard apple plant
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 apricot seed
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 bean fava bean seed
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 bean winged bean stem
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 borage plant
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 breadfruit leaf
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 broadbean seed
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 buckwheat seed
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 carrot root
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 cassava leaf
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 cherry sour cherry fruit
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 currant red currant leaf
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 eggplant fruit
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 flax flower
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 flax hull husk
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 flax husk
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 flax root
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 flax seed
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 flax shoot
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 football fruit
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 goosefoot plant
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 lemongrass plant
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 mallow jew's mallow plant
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 peach leaf
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 plum seed
Search Trop  Picture
 purslane plant
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 sorrel west african sorrel plant
Search Trop  Picture
 soursop plant
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 tamarind plant
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Synonyms:
 carbon hydride nitride
 cyclon
 formonitrile
 hydrogen cyanide
 prussic acid
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Articles:
Info: Hydrogen Cyanide
PubMed: The usefulness of intermediate products of plum processing for alcoholic fermentation and chemical composition of the obtained distillates.
PubMed: A qNMR approach for bitterness phenotyping and QTL identification in an F1 apricot progeny.
PubMed: Toxicological evaluation of potassium sorbate added to cigarette tobacco.
PubMed: Scope for regulation of cigarette smoke toxicity according to brand differences in published toxicant emissions.
PubMed: Production and evaluation of Ighu from selected cassava varieties using a motorized shredder-a response surface analysis.
PubMed: [Health risks from pest control products].
PubMed: Transcriptional regulation of de novo biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides throughout the life-cycle of the burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera).
PubMed: Millipedes as food for humans: their nutritional and possible antimalarial value-a first report.
PubMed: The multiple strategies of an insect herbivore to overcome plant cyanogenic glucoside defence.
PubMed: Cyanogenic glycosides: synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity.
PubMed: Single oral dose toxicity study of prebrewed armeniacae semen in rats.
PubMed: [Evaluation of an analytical method for cyanogenic compounds in bean paste and its application for surveillance of real samples].
PubMed: Cyanogenic glycosides in plant-based foods available in New Zealand.
PubMed: Molecular products from the thermal degradation of glutamic acid.
PubMed: Genetic diversity analysis of cyanogenic potential (CNp) of root among improved genotypes of cassava using simple sequence repeat markers.
PubMed: [Characterization of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) grown in Venezuela].
PubMed: The usefulness of intermediate products of plum processing for alcoholic fermentation and chemical composition of the obtained distillates.
PubMed: Feeding potential of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels ensiled with Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium assessed with West African dwarf goats.
PubMed: Drying and processing protocols affect the quantification of cyanogenic glucosides in forage sorghum.
PubMed: Estimating hydrogen cyanide in forage sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) by near-infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed: An efficient fermentation method for the degradation of cyanogenic glycosides in flaxseed.
PubMed: Empiric management of cyanide toxicity associated with smoke inhalation.
PubMed: Smoke inhalation injury in a pregnant patient: a literature review of the evidence and current best practices in the setting of a classic case.
PubMed: Effects of cyanogenic plants on fitness in two host strains of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).
PubMed: A mass cyanide poisoning from pickling bamboo shoots.
PubMed: Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin.
PubMed: A simple analytical method for dhurrin content evaluation in cyanogenic plants for their utilization in fodder and biofumigation.
PubMed: A survey of total hydrocyanic acid content in ready-to-eat cassava-based chips obtained in the Australian market in 2008.
PubMed: Comparison of gas chromotography, spectrophotometry and near infrared spectroscopy to quantify prussic acid potential in forages.
PubMed: Moisture-pressure combination treatments for cyanide reduction in grated cassava.
PubMed: Cyanogenic glucosides in the biological warfare between plants and insects: the Burnet moth-Birdsfoot trefoil model system.
PubMed: The use of a novel tobacco treatment process to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke.
PubMed: The concentration of ethyl carbamate in commercial ume (Prunus mume) liqueur products and a method of reducing it.
PubMed: Effect of germination and autoclaving of sprouted finger millet and kidney beans on cyanide content.
PubMed: An FTIR study of the induction and release of kiwifruit buds from dormancy.
PubMed: Nutritional and anti-nutritional potential of three accessions of itching bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC var. pruriens): an under-utilized tribal pulse.
PubMed: Semi-quantitative tests of cyanide in foods and excreta of Three Hapalemur species in Madagascar.
PubMed: Growth and nutritive value of cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz.) are reduced when grown in elevated CO.
PubMed: Quorum-quenching acylase reduces the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model.
PubMed: Changes in nutritional value of cyanogenic trifolium repens grown at elevated atmospheric CO2.
PubMed: Analysis of cyanogens with resorcinol and picrate.
PubMed: Aposematism in Archips cerasivoranus not linked to the sequestration of host-derived cyanide.
PubMed: Evaluation of production of some antifungal metabolites by fluorescent pseudomonads in vitro and their inhibitory effect on Penicillium digitatum in semi-commercial condition.
PubMed: Cyanogenesis in plants and arthropods.
PubMed: The conversion of chicken manure to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis. III. Analyses of chicken manure, bio-oils and char by Py-FIMS and Py-FDMS.
PubMed: The concentration distributions of some metabolites in the exhaled breath of young adults.
PubMed: Quantitative measurement of cyanide released from Prussian Blue.
PubMed: Toxicological evaluation of potassium sorbate added to cigarette tobacco.
PubMed: Validation of an in vitro method for the determination of cyanide release from ferric-hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue.
PubMed: Isolation and characterization of rhizosphere bacteria with potential for biological control of weeds in vineyards.
PubMed: Isolation and characterization of a novel banana rhizosphere bacterium as fungal antagonist and microbial adjuvant in micropropagation of banana.
PubMed: Chronic poisoning by hydrogen cyanide in cassava and its prevention in Africa and Latin America.
PubMed: Glass distilling collector applied for HCN recovery from submerged culture broth and fruiting body of Pleurotus eryngii for identification and quantification.
PubMed: Determination of cyanide in blood by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
PubMed: Retrospective trends and current status of ethyl carbamate in German stone-fruit spirits.
PubMed: Rapid screening for ethyl carbamate in stone-fruit spirits using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics.
PubMed: Study on tobacco components involved in the pyrolytic generation of selected smoke constituents.
PubMed: Characterization of antifungal metabolite produced by a new strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PUPa3 that exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity and biofertilizing traits.
PubMed: Effects of temperature, atmosphere and pH on the generation of smoke compounds during tobacco pyrolysis.
PubMed: Acute Cycas seed poisoning in Taiwan.
PubMed: Cyanide toxicosis in goats after ingestion of California Holly (Heteromeles arbutifolia).
PubMed: Cassava cyanogens and free amino acids in raw and cooked leaves.
PubMed: Chemical composition of certain tribal pulses in South India.
PubMed: The clinicopathologic significance of enriching grated cassava mash with red palm oil in the production of gari.
PubMed: The enhancement of the nutritive value of mango seed kernels for poultry by thermal treatment and radiation processing.
PubMed: Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2: chemical composition of mainstream smoke.
PubMed: Nutritional potential of biochemical components in Galactia longifolia Benth. (Fabaceae).
PubMed: Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng. (Fabaceae).
PubMed: Evaluation of the nutritional quality and acceptability of fingermillet-based tempe as potential weaning foods in Tanzania.
PubMed: Degradation of cyanogenic glycosides by Lactobacillus plantarum strains from spontaneous cassava fermentation and other microorganisms.
PubMed: Reduction of some toxicants in Icacina mannii by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
PubMed: Assessment of cyanogenic glucoside (cyanide) residues in Mbege: an opaque traditional Tanzanian beer.
PubMed: The nutritional value of indigenous fruits and vegetables in Sarawak.
PubMed: Low cyanide exposure from consumption of cassava in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
PubMed: Physicochemical properties and garification (gari yield) of selected cassava cultivars in Rivers State, Nigeria.
PubMed: Acute cyanide toxicity caused by apricot kernel ingestion.
PubMed: Long-term follow-up of konzo patients.
PubMed: Mechanism of cyanogenesis: the crystal structure of hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis.
PubMed: Effect of traditional processing of cassava on the cyanide content of gari and cassava flour.
PubMed: Chemical composition of the edible leaves of Pterocarpus mildbraedii.
PubMed: Studies on the underexploited legumes, Indigofera linifolia and Sesbania bispinosa: nutrient composition and antinutritional factors.
PubMed: Ion chromatographic determination of cyanide released from flaxseed under autohydrolysis conditions.
PubMed: The adverse effects of long-term cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) consumption.
PubMed: Black cherry poisoning in an Angora goat.
PubMed: Biochemical studies of some non-conventional sources of proteins. Part 7. Effect of detoxification treatments on the nutritional quality of apricot kernels.
PubMed: Microdiffusion method with solid state detection of cyanogenic glycosides from cassava in human urine.
PubMed: Development and implementation of a safety evaluation program for chemical fibers.
PubMed: The effect of fermentation on the nutrient status and on some toxic components of Icacinia manni.
PubMed: Hydrocyanate, oxalate, phytate, calcium and zinc in selected brands of Nigerian cocoa beverage.
PubMed: Yields of tar and other smoke components from UK cigarettes.
PubMed: The toxic effects of cassava (manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: a review.
PubMed: Ethyl carbamate: analytical methodology, occurrence, formation, biological activity and risk assessment.
PubMed: Cyanogenesis in plants.
PubMed: Cyanoglycoside gynocardin fromAcraea horta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Acraeinae) : Possible implications for evolution of acraeine host choice.
PubMed: Metabolism of linamarin in rats.
PubMed: Cyanogenesis in animal-plant interactions.
PubMed: Anti-nutritional and toxic factors in food legumes: a review.
PubMed: Mantakassa: an epidemic of spastic paraparesis associated with chronic cyanide intoxication in a cassava staple area of Mozambique. 2. Nutritional factors and hydrocyanic acid content of cassava products. Ministry of Health, Mozambique.
PubMed: Particle size distribution of hydrocyanic acid in gari, a cassava-based product.
PubMed: Cassava - a valuable food but a possible poison.
PubMed: Volatiles produced by microorganisms isolated from refrigerated chicken at spoilage.
PubMed: Production of hydrogen cyanide by Pseudomonas fluorescens.
PubMed: [Hydrogen cyanide content in stewed stone fruits and wines].
PubMed: Some aspects of food and nutrition in Sierra Leone.
PubMed: Semiochemical--structure and function.
PubMed: [Method of determination of hydrogen cyanide in grain and flour].
PubMed: Cassava as food in Nigeria.
PubMed: Nutritive value of Nigerian water melon.
PubMed: [HYDROCYANIC ACID POISONING BY BITTER ALMONDS FROM THE PSYCHOLOGIC AND THERAPEUTIC VIEWPOINT].
PubMed: [DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FUMIGATED BANANAS].
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